Autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) is an effective treatment for large Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus (OLT), however little is reported on an athletic population, who are likely to place higher demands on the reconstruction. The aim is to report the outcomes of large OLT (>150mm2) within an athletic population. The study population was limited to professional or amateur athletes (Tegner score >6) with an OLT of size 150mm2 or greater. The surgical intervention was AOT with a donor site from the lateral femoral condyle. Clinical outcomes at a minimum of 24 months included Return to Sport, VAS and FAOS Scores. In addition, graft incorporation was evaluated by MRI using MOCART scores at 12 months post-surgery. 38 athletes including 11 professional athletes were assessed. Mean follow-up was 46 months. Mean lesion size was 249mm2. 33 patients returned to sport at their previous level and one did not return to sport (mean return to play 8.2 months). Visual analogue scores improved from 4.53 pre-operatively to 0.63 post-operatively (p=0.002). FAOS Scores improved significantly in all domains (p< 0.001). Two patients developed knee donor site pain, and both had three osteochondral plugs harvested. Univariant analysis demonstrated no association between pre-operative patient or lesion characteristics and ability to return to sport. However, there was a strong correlation between MOCART scores and ability to return to sport (AUC=0.89). Our study suggests that AOT is a viable option in the management of large osteochondral talar defects in an athletic population, with favourable return to sport levels, patient satisfaction, and FAOS/VAS scores. The ability to return to sport is predicated upon good graft incorporation and further research is required to optimise this technique. Our data also suggests that patients should be aware of the increased risk of developing knee donor site pain when three osteochondral plugs are harvested.
Lateral ankle instability is a common problem, but the precise role of the lateral ankle structures has not been accurately investigated. This study aimed to accurately investigate lateral ankle complex stability for the first time using a novel robotic testing platform. A six degrees of freedom robot manipulator and a universal force/torque sensor were used to test 10 foot and ankle specimens. The system automatically defined the path of unloaded plantar/dorsi flexion. At four flexion angles: 20° dorsiflexion, neutral flexion, 20° and 40° of plantarflexion; anterior-posterior (90N), internal-external (5Nm) and inversion-eversion (8Nm) laxity were tested. The motion of the intact ankle was recorded first and then replayed following transection of the lateral retinaculum, Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL) and Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL). The decrease in force/torque reflected the contribution of the structure to restraining laxity. Data were analysed using repeated measures of variance and paired t-tests.Background
Method
The management of symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) can be challenging. The number of ways of treating these lesions has increased considerably during the last decade, with published studies often providing conflicting, low-level evidence. This paper aims to present an up-to-date concise overview of the best evidence for the surgical treatment of OLTs. Management options are reviewed based on the size of the lesion and include bone marrow stimulation, bone grafting options, drilling techniques, biological preparations, and resurfacing. Although many of these techniques have shown promising results, there remains little high level evidence, and further large scale prospective studies and systematic reviews will be required to identify the optimal form of treatment for these lesions. Cite this article:
Injections are used to treat a wide variety of pathologies. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of foot and ankle injections in our clinic. We performed a retrospective review of notes and a telephone questionnaire audit into the clinical outcome of all patients who underwent an injection of the foot or ankle in a year. All procedures were performed in an out-patient setting by a consultant musculoskeletal radiologist using either ultrasound or X-ray guidance, with a minimum of two year follow-up. According to the pathology treated, the type of injection included depomedrone, hyaluronic acid and high volume saline injections.Introduction
Materials and methods
Survival rates of recent total ankle replacement (TAR) designs are lower than those of other arthroplasty prostheses. Loosening is the primary indication for TAR revisions [NJR, 2014], leading to a complex arthrodesis often involving both the talocrural and subtalar joints. Loosening is often attributed to early implant micromotion, which impedes osseointegration at the bone-implant interface, thereby hampering fixation [Soballe, 1993]. Micromotion of TAR prostheses has been assessed to evaluate the stability of the bone-implant interface by means of biomechanical testing [McInnes The geometry of the tibial and talar components of three TAR designs widely used in Europe (BOX®, Mobility® and SALTO®; NJR, 2014) was reverse-engineered, and models of the tibia and talus were generated from CT data. Virtual implantations were performed and verified by a surgeon specialised in ankle surgery. In addition to the aligned case, misalignment was simulated by positioning the talar components in 5° of dorsi- or plantar-flexion, and the tibial components in ± 5° and 10° varus/valgus and 5° and 10° dorsiflexion; tibial dorsiflexed misalignement was combined with 5° posterior gap to simulate this misalignment case. Finite element models were then developed to explore bone-implant micromotion and loads occurring in the bone in the implant vicinity.Introduction
Methods
This study investigated athletes presenting with grade II syndesmosis injuries and identified the clinical and radiological factors important in differentiating a stable from dynamically unstable injury and those findings associated with a longer recovery and return to sport. Sixty-four athletes were prospectively assessed with an average follow-up of 37 months (range 24–66 months). Athletes with an isolated distal syndesmosis (+/− medial deltoid ligament) injury were included. Those athletes with a concomitant ankle fracture were excluded. Those considered stable (grade IIa) were treated conservatively with a boot and progressive rehabilitation. Those with clinical signs of instability underwent arthroscopy and if instability was confirmed (grade IIb) the syndesmosis was stabilized surgically. The clinical assessment of injury to individual ligaments of the ankle and syndesmosis were recorded along with MRI findings, complications and time to return to play. All athletes returned to the same level of professional sport – 28 with IIa injuries returned at a mean of 45 days whereas the 36 with grade IIb injuries returned to play at a mean of 64 days (p< 0.001). Clinical assessment of injury to the ligaments of the syndesmosis correlated well with MRI findings. Those with a positive squeeze test were 9.5 times as likely and those with a deltoid injury 11 times more likely to have an unstable syndesmosis confirmed arthroscopically. The combination of injury to the AITFL and deltoid ligament was associated with a delay in return to sport. Concomitant injury to the ATFL indicated a different mechanism of injury with the syndesmosis less likely to be unstable and was associated with an earlier return to sport. Clinical and MRI findings may differentiate stable from dynamically unstable grade II injuries and identify which athletes may benefit from early arthroscopic assessment and stabilization. It also suggests the timeframe for expected return to play.
Achilles pathology is a serious and frequently occurring problem, especially in elite athletes. Recent research has suggested a role for the plantaris tendon in non-insertional achilles tendinopathy. We report on the outcomes after excision of the plantaris tendon in elite athletes. To assess whether or not excising the plantaris tendon improves the symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy in elite athletes.Background:
Aim:
Lateral ligament injuries of the ankle are common. They account for up to 50% of all sporting injuries. Recovery times vary, leading to time away from sport and training for the professional athlete. Predicting this time is important for the treating surgeon, the athlete and the rehabilitation team. This can be difficult as associated ankle injuries occurring at the time of the trauma may alter recovery and rehabilitation. To compare the time to return to training and sports of isolated lateral ligament injuries with more complex injuries of the ankle treated surgically and to evaluate if lateral ligament repair is safe and effective in the professional athlete. Study design: Case series; level of evidence 4Background
Aim
Surgical approaches to the dorsum of the foot are common for management of midfoot fracture dislocations and arthritis. The anatomy can be difficult to identify and neurovascular injury can be a serious complication. Extensor hallucis brevis (EHB) is a consistent and easily identifiable structure encountered in these approaches. This study assesses the close relationship of the EHB musculotendinous junction to the neurovascular bundle for use as a reliable landmark. The relationship of the medial branch of the deep peroneal nerve (DPN) in the dorsum of the foot to the EHB tendon was examined by dissection of ten adult cadaveric feet preserved in formalin. Using a dorsal approach, the anatomy of the DPN neurovascular bundle was studied relative to its neighbouring structures. Local institutional review board approval was obtained.Introduction
Method
Fifth metatarsal fractures are a common injury suffered by professional footballers. It is frequently reported in the media that such an injury will result in a 6-week absence from play. The purpose of this study was to assess frequency of media reporting of fifth metatarsal fractures, the time that is predicted by the media before the player will return to soccer and the actual time taken for the player to return to play. Internet search engines identified 40 professional footballers that suffered 49 fifth metatarsal fractures between 2001 and 2011. Information was collected from various media and team websites, match reports, photography and video evidence to provide data regarding the mechanism of injury, playing surface conditions, frequency of fractures per season, fracture treatment, estimated amount of time to be missed due to the injury and time taken to return to play.Introduction
Methods
Lisfranc joint injuries are increasingly recognised in elite soccer and rugby players. Currently no evidence-based guidelines exist on timeframes for return to training and competition following surgical treatment. This study aimed to see whether return to full competition following surgery for Lisfranc injuries was possible in these groups and to assess times to training, playing and possible related factors. Over 46-months, a consecutive series of fifteen professional soccer (6) and rugby(9) players in the English Premierships/Championship, was assessed using prospectively collected data. All were isolated injuries, sustained during competitive matches. Each had clinical and radiological evidence of injury and was treated surgically within thirty-one days. A standardised postoperative regime was used.Introduction
Material/Methods
The mainstay of treatment in non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy is non-operative, however between 1/4 and 1/3 of patients fail this. The main symptom is pain which appears to be related to new nerve endings that grow into the tendon with the neovessels from the paratenon. Treatments which strip the paratenon from the tendon are showing promise including formal paratenon stripping via Achilles tendinoscopy. The pain and swelling in Achilles tendinopathy is usually on the medial side leading to the postulation that the plantaris tendon may have a role to play. We report a consecutive series of 11 patients who underwent Achilles tendinoscopy with stripping of the paratenon and division of the plantaris tendon, above the level of the tendinopathic changes in the Achilles. All patients had failed conservative treatment for at least 6 months and requested surgical intervention. The patients were scored with the SF-36, AOS and AOFAS hindfoot questionnaires pre-operatively and at a minimum of 2 years post operatively. They also recorded their level of satisfaction with the treatment at final follow up.Introduction
Methods
Inclusion criteria were all patients who were undergoing significant hind foot or ankle procedures. Exclusion criteria included coexisting peripheral neuropathy and any inability to fill in the questionnaire. The pilot study provided a standard deviation of pain scores which allowed us to calculate the sample size required; 25 patients in each group would have 90% power to detect a difference in means VAS scores of 3 which we considered to be clinically significant. A total number of 56 (to allow for 10% loss to follow-up) were recruited. The patients and the assessors were blinded to the treatment allocated. Sealed envelopes contained random allocations and were opened by the anaesthetist. A bolus of 20ml 0.25% bupivacaine was injected and then the catheter was inserted and connected to a pump. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either an infusion of normal saline or bupivacaine over the next 72 hours. The patients were asked to complete a visual analogue pain chart, three times daily, for 72 hours postoperatively. Data was also recorded regarding supplementary opiate analgesic requirements and any problems or complications. Statistical analysis was performed using MedCalc for Windows, version 9.6.4 (MedCalc software, Mariakerke, Belgium). A Mann-Whitney U test was used for the non-parametric data sets.
There was no difference in median milligrams of morphine usage on the day of operation; study = 10, placebo = 10 (p = 0.942). The morphine usage was lower in the study group on all post operative days and this was significant on days 2&
3; day 1: 10 v’s 15 (p=0.054), day 2: 10 v’s 20 (p=<
0.001), day 3: 7.5 v’s 10 (p=0.02). Median total morphine requirements over the 3 post operative days were 30mg for the study group compared to 52.5mg for the control group and this was significant (p=0.012). The study group on average spent less nights as an inpatient with a median value of 1 compared to 2 for the control but this was not significant (p=0.430). There were no major complications with the administration of the blocks or with the catheters.
The mean time to return to training post operatively was 34 days (24–54) and to playing was 41 days (29–72). Significant correlations were found between the length of symptoms and the number of pre operative injections (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient = 0.806. p<
0.001) and the length of symptoms pre-operatively and return to training (Correlation coefficient = 0.383. p=0.048) and return to play (Correlation coefficient = 0.385. p=0.048). Return to training was significantly faster after soft tissue debridement with FHL release than after bony surgery (p=0.046 Kruskal-Wallis test). There was one surgical complication in the form of a persistent portal leakage. This was successfully treated by resting the ankle in a boot for 2 weeks. One patient had recurrent symptoms 3 months after surgery; this was successfully treated with an ultrasound guided injection. There were no infections and no neurovascular injuries.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether apoptotic cells were present in these tissues with raised eNOS and iNOS levels.
Several biopsies were taken of the visibly abnormal tendon tissue. Control samples were taken from macroscopically normal tendon correlating with areas of normal tissue on MRI. Standard immunohistochemical techniques were used to identify the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Apoptotic cells were identified using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP neck end labelling (TUNEL reaction) with TdT-FragEL and the demonstration of Caspase-3 activation. A power calculation was performed which showed that 14 patients in each group would be required to show a 50% difference between the two groups using a level of significance of 5%.
It is possible that, by blocking the apoptotic pathway, the tendinopathic process could be halted. This may lead to the development of treatments strategies for early Achilles tendinopathy.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether apoptotic cells were present in these tissues with raised endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels.
Compression staples are a popular form of fixation for osteotomy and arthrodesis. “Mechanical Compression” or “Shape Memory” designs are commercially available. We performed a biomechanical study to assess suitability for their intended functions. Compression was measured using a load cell mounted within a simulated arthrodesis site. Two designs of mechanical compression and shape memory staples were tested and compared. The effect of altering the length of the staple limb was also assessed. Both designs of mechanical compression staple had divergence of their fixation limbs causing inconsistent compression or even distraction. The shape memory staples all achieved a consistent compressive force at the fusion site. Staple limb length did not appear to alter the compression force generated. The limbs of Mechanical Compression Staples splay open with a fulcrum at the intersection bridge. As a result, there is distraction of the far cortex and compression of the proximate cortex. Shape memory staples compress both the near and far cortices leading to stability and compression forces across the arthrodesis site.
Both groups had statistically improved post-operative hip scores, however, at the 1 year follow-up the MIS group were significantly better in terms of WOMAC, Harris Hip, Merle d’Aubigne and SF-12 scores when compared with a standard posterior approach.
Patients who failed conservative treatment and underwent surgery had histological examination of achilles tendon and histochemical analysis for isomers of NOS (eNOS and iNOS) as a marker of NO production.
Histological examination did not show any difference in collagen synthesis or remodelling between the 2 groups and there was no evidence of stimulated wound fibroblasts in the GTN group. There was no difference between the groups in the expression of eNOS or iNOS.
Histological examination did not show any difference in collagen synthesis or remodelling between the 2 groups and there was no evidence of stimulated wound fibroblasts in the GTN group. There was no difference between the groups in the expression of eNOS or iNOS.
Rotator cuff tears are an increasingly recognizable and common problem amongst the elderly. We undertook this review to assess outcome from open surgical rotator cuff repair and acromioplasty in patients over the age of 70 years. A retrospective review of 61 patients with 64 full thickness rotator cuff tears treated with open repair and decompression acromioplasty between 1/1/92 and 30/6/04.To evaluate the current functional state and satisfaction (mean time from surgery 46.3 months) 50 patients were contacted and invited to attend for clinical evaluation using Constant and Murley’s functional score and/or answer a modified subjective 12 point Simple Shoulder Test. Eleven patients were not contactable despite attempts through post and phone. All grades of tears were reparable with 48 being good tendon to bone. All the patients underwent a six week supervised physiotherapy programme. Complications included 6 frozen shoulder and seven cases of re- rupture .One patient each developed pulmonary embolism and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Based on the definitive scoring of Constant and Murley’s 31 were rated as excellent (80–100 points) 9 good (65–79), 2 fair (50–64) and 2 poor (less than 50). Out of the total 43 patients (44 shoulders) examined and scored 90% showed excellent and good results. Symptomatic rotator cuff tears in the elderly, active and healthy patients treated by a surgical repair results in good and early functional return, lasting pain relief and excellent patient satisfaction and should be actively considered as a definitive mode of treatment in this age group.
Aspetic loosening is a major problem of total hip arthroplasty, especially in young and/or active patients. This study was performed to assess the clinical performance of non-cemented, metal-on-metal implant and complications including loosening and osteolysis at medium-term follow-up. Between 1994 and 1998, 38 patients (45 hips) had a THA with a Metasul articulation. Thirty-two patients (39 hips) were available for follow up an average of 5.3 years following the operation. Patients were independently assessed by clinical examination, with use of the Harris Hip Score, patient self-assessment forms and radiographs. The average age was 53.5 years (range 29 to 68) with a diagnosis of primary OA accounting for 34 hips and other diagnoses for 5 hips. The average Harris Hip Score for those patients without a revision was 94.7 points (range 71 to 100). One patient had a revision of a loose femoral component at 16 months, at last review he had a Harris Hip Score of 99.7 points. No patient had a loose or revised acetabular component. Two patients had an early dislocation without sequelae. Thirty-six hips were rated as very good or excellent. There was no radiological evidence of progressive radiosclerotic lines and no other evidence of loosening. This group of young and/or active patients with Metasul articulations has clinical results equivalent to metal-on-polyethylene articulations. There is no evidence to suggest that the rate of loosening is higher as was documented by previous metal-on-metal designs. At medium term follow up there is no evidence that the metal-on-metal articulation gave rise to any new problems or complications.
The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term outcome of isolated, displaced Lisfranc injuries requiring operative intervention and identify whether results of treatment are influenced by workers compensation. This retrospective study reviewed all patients who underwent operative intervention for Lisfranc injuries. Patients with concomitant injuries were excluded from further investigation so that the outcome of purely isolated Lisfranc injuries could be assessed. The minimum follow-up was two years and the senior author performed all the operations. Patients were contacted and their employment status recorded. Ordinal regression analysis was performed to identify which factors influenced the outcome. Forty-six patients were studied and 24 had pursued medico-legal claims. The average Workcover payment was Aus$25,000 (£10,000). Thirteen of forty-six patients had a poor outcome. Eleven of these patients had compensation claims (p<
0.01) and 11 had greater than a three month delay in treatment following diagnosis (p<
0.05). Although 12/33 men and 1/13 women had a poor outcome this difference was not statistically significant. The need for secondary fusion was not associated with a poor outcome. There was no significant difference between outcome and mechanism of injury or previous occupation. There was no correlation between the outcome and age at the time of injury. This series of 46 patients has a long follow-up of a rare injury. We believe that this study has medico-legal implications on reporting prognosis for such injuries and highlights the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment for such injuries.
Percutaneous repair of a ruptured Achilles tendon has been shown to reduce wound healing problems but it has a high incidence of injury to the sural nerve. The Achillon Suture System is a new method utilising a small longitudinal incision. It passes a suture through the Achilles tendon leaving the suture purely within the tendon. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the results of a new mini-open technique utilising a horizontal incision and early active mobilisation. Following ethical committee approval 25 patients underwent repair of their ruptured Achilles tendon using the Achillon System. Rather than the longitudinal incision we used a horizontal incision and an accelerated rehabilitation program with a brace for six weeks post-operatively. Patients were followed up at six weeks, three and six months and one year post-op using the AOFAS and Leppilahti scoring systems. There were no wound complications, re-ruptures or sural nerve injuries. All patients returned to work or their previous daily activities by six weeks (mean 22 days) post op. All patients had returned to driving by six weeks. One patient had 10° restriction in dorsiflexion at three months, which prevented her return to running. She was back to running and had a full range of movement at six months. All other patients returned to sporting activities at three months but jumping sports such as basketball were discouraged until six months post-op. We suggest that this modification of using a horizontal incision and early mobilisation enhances wound healing and allows early return to normal activities and sports. It is technically simple, utilises a small incision (still enabling visual confirmation that the tendon ends have been approximated) and reduces the risk of sural nerve injury seen in other mini-open or percutaneous techniques.
Percutaneous repair of a ruptured Achilles tendon has been shown to reduce wound healing problems but it has a high incidence of injury to the sural nerve. The Achillon Suture System is a new method utilising a small longitudinal incision. It passes a suture through the Achilles tendon leaving the suture purely within the tendon. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the results of a new mini-open technique utilising a horizontal incision and early active mobilisation. Following ethical committee approval 25 patients underwent repair of their ruptured Achilles tendon using the Achillon System. Rather than the longitudinal incision we used a horizontal incision and an accelerated rehabilitation program with a brace for 6 weeks post-operatively. Patients were followed up at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months post-op using the AOFAS and Leppilahti scoring systems. There were no wound complications, re-ruptures or sural nerve injuries. All patients returned to work or their previous daily activities by 6 weeks (mean 22 days) post op. All patients had returned to driving by 6 weeks. One patient had 10° restriction in dorsiflexion at 3 months which prevented her return to running. She was back to running and had a full range of movement at 6 months. All other patients returned to sporting activities at 3 months but jumping sports such as basketball were discouraged until 6 months post-op. We suggest that this modification of using a horizontal incision and early mobilisation enhances wound healing and allows early return to normal activities and sports. It is technically simple, utilises a small incision (still enabling visual confirmation that the tendon ends have been approximated) and reduces the risk of sural nerve injury seen in other mini-open or percutaneous techniques.
Assessment of the appropriateness of tendon transfer procedures and the necessity for excising the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) in stage II PTT dysfunction. 12 patients undergoing surgical treatment for unilateral PTT dysfunction underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the tibialis posterior (TP) and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) muscle bellies. All patients had atrophy of the TP muscle compared to the normal leg (mean 10.7%, p = 0.008). In those patients with a complete rupture of PTT there was replacement of the TP muscle by fatty infiltration. Conversely, the FDL muscle showed a compensatory hypertrophy (mean 17.2%, p<
0.002). Treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon (PTT) dysfunction remains controversial. These findings support the use of FDL as the tendon of choice for augmentation of PTT in stage II disease. This study also demonstrates that in the presence of a complete rupture, excision of the PTT is a reasonable surgical procedure and pure tenodesis will fail because the TP muscle belly undergoes fatty infiltration. In patients with a diseased but intact PTT there was no fatty infiltration and the TP muscle volume was at least 83% of the normal side in all cases. We therefore suggest that in the presence of an intact PTT the TP muscle may provide some useful function if used to augment the FDL transfer when the diseased tendon is excised.
To evaluate how much tendon may be safely excised in insertional Achilles tendonitis without predisposing the patient to Achilles tendon rupture. Insertional Achilles tendonitis commonly affects runners and is frequently managed by general orthopaedic surgeons. Most patients may be managed non-operatively but those who do not respond to conservative measures may require excision of the diseased tendon. Currently, there are no clinical studies indicating how much of the tendon may be excised without predisposing the patient to Achilles tendon rupture. This chart review reports on 52 heels treated surgically for this condition and followed for a minimum of 6 months post-operatively. When less than 50% of the tendon was excised (49 heels) patients were immediately mobilised free of a cast. There were two failures using this regimen. One patient had inflammatory arthritis and was taking significant immunosuppressive therapy. The second patient was keen for simultaneous bilateral procedures. In retrospect the senior surgeon acknowledges that this was somewhat enthusiastic as even with the most compliant of patients true partial weight-bearing in such a situation is extremely difficult. This review supports biomechanical data which demonstrates up to 50% of the tendon may be safely resected. We suggest that it is not necessary to immobilise all patients in a cast following surgery for insertional Achilles tendonitis when less than 50% of the tendon is excised. We recommend that patients with inflammatory arthritis or recent immunosuppressive therapy and those in whom greater than 50% of the tendon has been excised should be immobilised in a cast for six weeks. We do not recommend that simultaneous bilateral procedures are performed.
Hallux rigidus is the second most common pathological condition of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, after hallux valgus. Manipulation of the joint and injection with steroid and local anaesthetic (MUA and Injection) is widely practiced, but the literature contains little information on the results of such treatment. We report the results of this procedure performed on thirty-seven joints, with a minimum follow-up of 1 year (mean 41.2 months). Patients with mild (Grade I) changes gained symptomatic relief for a mean of 6 months and only one third required further surgery. Two thirds of patients with moderate (Grade II) disease proceeded to open surgery. In advanced (Grade III) hallux rigidus little symptomatic relief was obtained and all patients required operative treatment. We recommend that joints are Graded before treatment and that MUA and injection be used only in early (Grades I and II) hallux rigidus.
To investigate the incidence of complications arising from clavicle fractures in children and the need for multiple review in fracture clinic.
Retrospective analysis of 200 children with isolated clavicle fractures. The number of clinic visits was documented along with the mechanism of injury and any complications attributable to the fracture. Plain radiographs allowed classification of the fractures both in terms of site and type of fracture. Prospective analysis of 60 children with isolated clavicle fractures. All patients were discharged with a patient information sheet after their first fracture clinic appointment and were reviewed a minimum of 6 months post injury to assess clinical outcome/complications and patient satisfaction. Retrospective review failed to provide any evidence of long term complications from isolated clavicle fractures. Two patients complained of a non-specific tingling in the arm which had settled within 2 weeks. No intervention other than rest in a broad arm sling was deemed necessary in any of the 200 children. Despite this, the average number of clinic appointments was 2.8. In the prospective study there were no complications arising from an isolated clavicle fracture. Two patients returned (one at 6 weeks and one at 12 weeks) with concerns about the cosmetic appearance of the fracture site - both patients were reassured and discharged. All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic appearance and function of their shoulder when reviewed at a mean of 7.3 months post injury (range 6–10 months). All patients and/or guardians were satisfied with the patient information sheet. Isolated clavicle fractures in children are rarely complicated by injuries such as skin necrosis or a neuro-vascular deficit. Despite this, children are commonly reviewed many times by juniors in a busy fracture clinic. We suggest that such review is unnecessary and that uncomplicated fractures may be safely discharged with a patient information sheet after the first clinic appointment.
To investigate the underlying mechanism of osteocyte death in osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Although there are a plethora of conditions that predispose to ONFH the underlying mechanism that results in the death of osteocytes is poorly understood. Consequently, treatment for early disease has a variable outcome. Recent investigation has focussed on the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the local control of bone turnover. NO is central to bone cell metabolism and has been implicated in the development of apoptosis. Bone samples were harvested from the femoral heads of 40 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty – 20 for advanced ONFH and 20 for osteoarthritis (control group). Immunocytochemical techniques were used to demonstrate evidence of NO synthase (iNOS and eNOS) as a marker of NO production and for evidence of apoptosis. There was a marked increase in the expression of both eNOS and iNOS in the bone marrow and osteocytes from patients with ONFH secondary to steroids and alcohol with a correspondingly high proportion of apoptotic cells. Very little evidence of either eNOS or iNOS could be demonstrated in the control group and no significant apoptosis could be demonstrated. Samples from patients with ONFH secondary to sickle cell disease likewise had little evidence of apoptosis and a less marked increase iNOS production. Our findings suggest that sickle cell disease may cause infarction of bone which subsequently leads to osteonecrosis. However, steroids and alcohol, or their metabolites, may have a direct cytotoxic effect upon bone leading to an increased NO production and NO-mediated apoptosis rather than necrosis. Our findings may provide important clues as to the underlying pathway leading osteocyte death. Therapeutic measures aimed at preventing production of toxic levels of NO or by blocking specific pathways in apoptosis may provide effective an treatment during the early stages of ONFH by halting disease progression.