Abstract
Torsional changes in the lower limbs represent a serious clinical problem. The evaluation of the physiological development of the relationship between femur and tibia in the axial plane is necessary for final assessment.
The authors observed 940 patients aged from 4 to 15 years to identify the most important modifications of torsion of the lower limbs during paediatric age. Clinical examination includes assessment in the standing and supine position and observation of the gait features so that the physiological-pathological borderline can be defined, along with peculiar aspects of single and combined deformities, in order to identify indications for osteotomy.
The types of torsion are classified as: (1) isolated augmentation of femoral anteversion; (2) isolated reduction of femoral anteversion; (3) isolated medial tibial torsion; (4) isolated lateral tibial torsion; and (5) combined torsion (femoral anteversion combined with lateral tibial torsion).
The anatomy and the natural progression of femoral and tibial torsion can be assessed by clinical methods. Radiographic methods such as axial CT views are indicated in cases in which clinical examination does not provide clear information and, in particular, if qualitative and quantitative diagnosis is required in order to establish the therapeutic protocol.
The authors conclude by suggesting that the physiological development of torsion should be followed up to skeletal maturity in order to make a general evaluation and to decide on treatment.
