1. A series of 154 patients with 156 femoral shaft fractures treated during a three and a half year period is reviewed. Fifty-four fractures were treated by closed intramedullary nailing, sixty-four by open intramedullary nailing and thirty-eight by conservative methods. 2. All the patients had fresh fractures of a similar degree of severity. Seventy-eight per cent of the fractures were sustained in traffic accidents, and 21 per cent were compound. 3. The technique of closed intramedullary nailing is described in detail. The importance of a complete and faultless armamentarium and a high-quality image intensifier is emphasised. 4. All fractures united within twelve months after the accident. 5. The functional results were assessed upon the basis of walking ability and return to work. Nailed fractures did better than conservatively treated ones, and closed nailing was slightly superior to open nailing. At twelve months after the injury all patients treated by closed nailing walked without a stick, compared with 96 per cent of the cases treated by open nailing and 81 per cent of the conservatively treated patients. The same trend was noted regarding return to work. 6. The benefit of intramedullary nailing was partly dependent on the severity of the fracture and the age of the patient. The most gratifying results of nailing were obtained in patients over thirty-five years of age with severe fractures. 7. Osteitis occurred in one case treated by closed nailing, and low grade wound infections in five cases, representing an overall infection rate of 3·8 per cent. 8. Seventy-four per cent of the patients were examined one to four years after the fracture. There was less angular deformity and more rotational deformity in the nailed than in the conservatively treated fractures. The tip of the nail gave slight discomfort in the trochanteric area in one patient in three. Residual joint stiffness was infrequent in the nailed cases as compared to the conservatively treated ones. 9. The indications for closed intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures are outlined.
