Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage degradation, synovial membrane inflammation, osteophyte formation, and subchondral bone sclerosis. Pathological changes in cartilage and subchondral bone are the main processes in OA. In recent decades, many studies have demonstrated that activin-like kinase 3 (ALK3), a bone morphogenetic protein receptor, is essential for cartilage formation, osteogenesis, and postnatal skeletal development. Although the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling in articular cartilage and bone has been extensively studied, many new discoveries have been made in recent years around ALK3 targets in articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and the interaction between the two, broadening the original knowledge of the relationship between ALK3 and OA. In this review, we focus on the roles of ALK3 in OA, including cartilage and subchondral bone and related cells. It may be helpful to seek more efficient drugs or treatments for OA based on ALK3 signalling in future.

Aims

The use of 3D-printed titanium implant (DT) can effectively guide bone regeneration. DT triggers a continuous host immune reaction, including macrophage type 1 polarization, that resists osseointegration. Interleukin 4 (IL4) is a specific cytokine modulating osteogenic capability that switches macrophage polarization type 1 to type 2, and this switch favours bone regeneration.

Aims

The morphology of medial malleolar fracture is highly variable and difficult to characterize without 3D reconstruction. There is also no universally accepeted classification system. Thus, we aimed to characterize fracture patterns of the medial malleolus and propose a classification scheme based on 3D CT reconstruction.

Objectives

To elucidate the effects of age on the expression levels of the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoclasts in the periodontal ligament during orthodontic mechanical loading and post-orthodontic retention.

Introduction

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common paediatric spinal deformity, affecting about 3% of school-aged children worldwide. This disorder occurs in otherwise healthy children who bear no obvious deficiencies in the components of the spinal column itself. The cause of AIS is poorly understood, as is implied by the name. Lesions of the bony composition of the vertebrae, the vertebral endplates, the paraspinous muscles, or the neurological system each have been proposed to explain disease pathogenesis. Progress has been hampered by the absence of an obvious AIS animal model. Consequently we have used genetic studies in human populations to identify factors underlying AIS susceptibility.

The complex inheritance and population frequency of AIS suggest that many genetic factors are involved in this disease. To search comprehensively for such factors we previously undertook the first genome-wide association study (GWAS) of AIS susceptibility in a cohort of 419 families in Texas, USA. We found that chromosome 3 SNPs in the proximity of the CHL1 gene yielded strongest results, which we replicated in additional cohorts (rs10510181 OR 1·49, 95% CI 1·29–173, p=2·58×10–8). CHL1 is of interest because it encodes an axon guidance protein and is functionally related to the ROBO3 gene that causes hereditary gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS), a rare disease marked by severe scoliosis. Here we expanded the study to 702 Texas families.

Background and methods: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spinal deformity in children, with a prevalence of 1–2%. The disease generally displays complex inheritance. Various family studies have produced many first reports of AIS susceptibility regions, but confirmation of these is lacking. In the present study we investigated extension of our own data, and reproducibility of other published results, by testing linkage in a new collection of fifty-four AIS families. Altogether fifteen candidate regions were evaluated in a two-stage design.

Results: Strongest results were obtained for linkage to microsatellite loci within a candidate region of proximal 8q previously identified by chromosomal breakpoint mapping. Although positive lod scores were obtained for other regions, none exhibited significance less than or equal to P = .05. Lod scores remained stable after analysis of an independent panel of SNP loci in the 8q candidate region and were strengthened with inclusion of additional affected family members (multipoint NPL = 3.02, P = 0.001). Two SNPs near the peak of linkage produced evidence of association to AIS susceptibility. Both SNPs are found within plausible candidate genes for AIS susceptibility.

Conclusion: These results support linkage of the 8q11-8q13 region to AIS susceptibility. Bashiardes et al. previously described a chromosomal break in the 8q11 region that disrupted the gamma-1- syntrophin (SNTG1) gene and segregated with AIS in an extended kindred. In that study, possible rare splice site mutations were identified an additional affected family and one sporadic case. The peak of linkage and association detected in this study appears to be distinct from the SNTG1 gene. This suggests the possibility that more than one gene in the region may contribute to disease. A more detailed analysis of the region encompassing this linkage peak, and the SNTG1 gene, is warranted in larger family collections.