1. One hundred cases of torticollis and 117 cases of sternomastoid tumour have been reviewed.

2. Congenital torticollis can be sub-divided into two groups: postural and muscular.

3. Congenital postural torticollis is present at birth; it is not associated with a sternomastoid tumour; it is transient in nature; and it does not require operation for its relief.

4. Congenital muscular torticollis is preceded by a sternomastoid tumour which is clinically evident in one-fifth of all cases.

5. The ischaemic theory of the causation of sternomastoid tumours is not supported by recent histological investigations. Some other cause, which probably is operative before birth, must be sought.

6. Four-fifths of all cases of sternomastoid tumours resolve spontaneously and leave no deformity. Excision of the tumour in infancy is therefore unjustifiable.

7. Open division of the muscle and of the cervical fascia in congenital muscular torticollis cures the deformity but leaves an unsightly scar.

8. Subcutaneous tenotomy can be relied upon to cure the deformity if post-operative treatment is carried out skilfully and assiduously over a prolonged period.

9. If complete correction is not gained at the time of subcutaneous tenotomy a better result can be assured by open division of the upper end of the muscle through an incision within the hair line.