Aim

Allograft bone chips used in complex bone reconstruction procedures are associated with an increased infection risk. The perioperative use of systemic cefazolin is standard to prevent infection, but is less effective in the presence of avascular bone grafts. Bone chips have been described as a carrier for local delivery of antibiotics, but impregnation with cefazolin in a prophylactic setting has not been described. We aimed to obtain a prolonged cefazolin release from bone chips to maximize the prophylactic effect.

To prevent infections after orthopedic surgery, intravenous antibiotics are administered perioperatively. Cefazolin is widely used as the prophylactic antibiotic of choice. Systemic antibiotic therapy may however be less effective in longstanding surgery where bone allografts are used. Bone chips have been shown to be an effective carrier for certain types of antibiotics. Bone allografts impregnated with antibiotics may therefore provide the necessary local antibiotic levels for prophylaxis. To be efficient, a prolonged release from these bonechips is required. In contrast to vancomycin, for which prolonged release has clearly been proven effective from Osteomycin®, a commercially available impregnated bone allograft, no prolonged release bone chip preparations have been described so far for cefazolin. We developed a protocol to bind cefazolin in the porous structure of bone chips by means of a hydrogel composed of proteins naturally present in the human body.

Three types of bone chips were evaluated: fresh frozen, decellularized frozen and decellularized lyophilized. Bone chips were incubated with 20 mg/ml cefazolin or treated with liquid hydrogel containing either 1 mg/ml fibrin or 1 mg/ml collagen and 20 mg/ml cefazolin. The cefazolin hydrogel was distributed in the porous structure by short vacuum treatment. Bone chips with cefazolin but without hydrogel were either incubated for 20 min- 4h or also treated with vacuum. Cefazolin elution of bone chips was carried out in fetal bovine serum and analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography – Diode Array Detection.

Soaking of bone chips without hydrogel resulted in a quick release of cefazolin, which was limited to 4 hours. When vacuum was applied elution of >1 µg/ml cefazolin was measured for up to 36 hours. Combination with collagen hydrogel resulted in a higher cefazolin concentration released at 24 hours (3.9 vs 0.3 µg/ml), but not in a prolonged release. However, combination of decellularized frozen bone chips with fibrin hydrogel resulted in an initial release of 533 µg/ml followed by a gradual decline reaching the minimal inhibitory concentration for S. aureus at 72 hours (1.7 µg/ml), while not measurable anymore after 92 hours.

Processed bone chips with hydrogel-cefazolin showed a markedly prolonged cefazolin release. When combined with a fibrin hydrogel, high initial peak levels of cefazolin were obtained, followed by a decreasing release over the following three days. This elution profile is desirable, since high initial levels are important to maximize anti-bacterial action whereas low levels of antibiotic for a limited time may stimulate osteogenesis. It is important that antibiotic release is ending after a few days as prolonged low levels of antibiotics are not clinically helpful and may lead to antibiotic resistance. Further preclinical studies are warranted to show effectiveness of hydrogel-cefazolin impregnated bone chips.