The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of obesity in patients undergoing primary total shoulder replacement (TSR) (stemmed and reverse) for osteoarthritis (OA) in Australia compared to the incidence of obesity in the general population.

A 2017-18 cohort of 2,621 patients from the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR) who underwent TSR, were compared with matched controls from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) National Health Survey from the same period. The two groups were analysed according to BMI category, sex and age.

According to the 2017-18 National Health Survey, 35.6% of Australian adults are overweight and 31.3% are obese. Of the primary TSR cases performed, 34.2% were overweight and 28.6% were obese. The relative risk of requiring TSR for OA increased with increasing BMI category. Class-3 obese females, aged 55-64, were 8.9 times more likely to require TSR compared to normal weight counterparts. Males in the same age and BMI category were 2.5 times more likely. Class-3 obese patients underwent TSR 4 years (female) and 7 years (male) sooner than their normal weight counterparts.

Our findings suggest that the obese population is at risk for early and more frequent TSR for OA. Previous studies demonstrate that obese patients undergoing TSR also exhibit increased risks of longer operative times, higher superficial infection rates, higher periprosthetic fracture rates, significantly reduced post-operative forward flexion range and greater revision rates.

Obesity significantly increases the risk of requiring TSR. To our knowledge this is the first study to publish data pertaining to age and BMI stratification of TSR Societal efforts are vital to diminish the prevalence and burden of obesity related TSR.

There may well be reversible pathophysiology in the obese population to address prior to surgery (adipokines, leptin, NMDA receptor upregulation). Surgery occurs due to recalcitrant or increased pain despite non-op Mx.

There is growing interest in the peri-operative management of patients with indications for hip and knee arthroplasty in the setting of modifiable risk factors such as morbid obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and smoking. A recent survey of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) found that 95% of respondents address modifiable risk factors prior to surgery. The aim of this study was to poll Australian arthroplasty surgeons regarding their approach to patients with modifiable risk factors.

The survey tool used in the AAHKS study was adapted for use in the Australian context and distributed to the membership of the Arthroplasty Society of Australia via Survey Monkey.

Seventy-seven survey responses were received, representing a response rate of 64%. The majority of respondents were experienced, high volume arthroplasty surgeons. Overall, 91% of respondents restricted access to arthroplasty for patients with modifiable risk factors. Seventy-two percent of surgeons restricted access for excessive body mass index, 85% for poor diabetic control, and 46% for smoking. Most respondents made decisions based on personal experience or literature review rather than hospital or departmental pressures.

Despite differences in healthcare systems, our findings were similar to those of the AAHKS survey, although their responses were more restrictive in all domains. Differences were noted in responses concerning financial considerations for potentially underprivileged populations. The survey is currently being administered by arthroplasty societies in six other countries, allowing comparison of orthopaedic practice across different healthcare systems around the world.

In conclusion, over 90% of Australian arthroplasty surgeons who responded to the survey address modifiable risk factors prior to surgery.

Obesity is a known risk factor for hip osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of obesity in Australians undergoing hip replacements (HR) for osteoarthritis to the general population.

A cohort study was conducted comparing data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR) from 2017-18. Body mass index (BMI) data for patients undergoing primary total hip replacement and resurfacing for osteoarthritis were obtained from the AOANJRR. The distribution of HR patients by BMI category was compared to the general population, in age and sex sub-groups.

During the study period, 32,495 primary HR were performed for osteoarthritis in Australia. Compared to the general population, there was a higher incidence of Class I, II, and III obesity in patients undergoing HR in both sexes aged 35 to 74 years old. Class III obese females and males undergoing HR were on average 6 to 7 years younger than their normal weight counterparts. Class III obese females and males aged 55-64 years old were 2.9 and 1.7 times more likely to undergo HR, respectively (p<0.001).

There is a strong association between increased BMI and relative risk of undergoing HR. Similar findings have been noted in the United States of America, Canada, United Kingdom, Sweden and Spain. A New Zealand Registry study and recent meta-analysis have also found a concerning trend of Class III obese patients undergoing HR at a younger age.

Obese Australians are at increased risk of undergoing HR at a younger age. A national approach to address the prevalence of obesity is needed.

INTRODUCTION

Accurate knowledge of knee joint kinematics following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is critical for evaluating the functional performance of specific implant designs. Biplane fluoroscopy is currently the most accurate method for measuring 3D knee joint kinematics in vivo during daily activities such as walking. However, the relatively small imaging field of these systems has limited measurement of knee kinematics to only a portion of the gait cycle. We developed a mobile biplane X-ray (MoBiX) fluoroscopy system that enables concurrent tracking and imaging of the knee joint for multiple cycles of overground gait. The primary aim of the present study was to measure 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) knee joint kinematics for one complete cycle of overground walking. A secondary aim was to quantify the position of the knee joint centre of rotation (COR) in the transverse plane during TKA gait.

Introduction

Dislocation is one of the leading causes of revision after primary total hip arthroplasty (THA). Polyethylene wear is one of the risk factors for late dislocations (>2 years). It can induce an inflammatory response resulting in distension and thinning of the pseudocapsule, predisposing the hip to dislocation. Alternatively, eccentric seating of the femoral head in a worn out socket may result in an asymmetric excursion arc predisposing the hip to impingement, levering out and dislocation. Highly cross linked polyethylene has a significantly lower wear rate as compared to conventional polyethylene. Incidence of late dislocations has been shown to be significantly greater with conventional polyethylene bearings as compared to ceramic bearings. However, there is no literature comparing the risk of dislocation between ceramic- on- ceramic (CoC) bearings with metal/ceramic- on- cross linked polyethylene (M/CoP) bearings and this was the aim our study

Traumatic disruption of the pelvic ring has a high risk of mortality. These injuries are predominantly due to high-energy, blunt trauma and severe associated injuries are prevalent, increasing management complexity. This population-based study investigated predictors of mortality following severe pelvic ring fractures managed in an organised trauma system.

Cases aged greater than 15 years from 1st July 2001 to 30th June 2008 were extracted from the population-based state-wide Victorian State Trauma Registry for analysis. Patient demographic, pre-hospital and admission characteristics were considered as potential predictors of mortality. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of mortality with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated.

There were 348 cases over the 8-year period. The mortality rate was 19%. Patients aged greater than 65 years were at higher odds of mortality (AOR 7.6, 95% CI: 2.8, 20.4) than patients aged 15–34 years. Patients hypotensive at the scene (AOR 5.5, 95% CI: 2.3, 13.2), and on arrival at the definitive hospital of care (AOR 3.7, 955 CI: 1.7, 8.0), were more likely to die than patients without hypotension. The presence of a severe chest injury was associated with an increased odds of mortality (AOR 2.8, 95% CI: 1.3, 6.1), while patients injured in intentional events were also more likely to die than patients involved in unintentional events (AOR 4.9, 95% CI: 1.6, 15.6). There was no association between the hospital of definitive management and mortality after adjustment for other variables, despite differences in the protocols for managing these patients at the major trauma services (Level 1 trauma centres).

The findings highlight the importance of the need for effective control of haemodynamic instability for reducing the risk of mortality. As most patients survive these injuries, further research should focus on long term morbidity and the impact of different treatment approaches.

Delayed union and non-union are complications of fracture healing associated with pain and with functional and psychosocial disability. This study compares the effect on self-reported health outcomes of delayed union or non-union of femoral and tibial shaft fractures treated at two major metropolitan trauma centres in Victoria.

Patients admitted to the Royal Melbourne Hospital and The Alfred with extra- articular femoral and tibial shaft fractures during 2003-2004 and 2005-2006, and followed up by the Victorian Orthopaedic Trauma Outcomes Registry (VOTOR) were included. Hospital medical records were reviewed to identify the outcome of each fracture. Fracture healing was assessed by the need for unplanned revision surgery for delayed union or nonunion, and clinical and radiological evidence of union. Prospectively-gathered VOTOR health outcome measurements included the Short Form 12-Item Health Survey (SF-12), and return to work and pain status at 6 and 12 months post injury.

Of the 520 patients, 260 femoral and 282 tibial shaft fractures were included. In total, 285 fractures progressed to union, 138 fractures developed delayed union or non-union and 119 fractures had an unknown outcome. Factors that were significantly different between the union and delayed union or non-union groups included: fund source, mechanism of injury, other injuries, wound and Gustilo type, and fixation method. On linear regression modelling, an inverse relationship was demonstrated between delayed union or nonunion and the Physical and Mental Component Summary scores of the SF-12. This was statistically significant at both 6 and 12 months post injury unadjusted and adjusted for age, gender and other injuries. On logistic regression modelling, patients with delayed union or non-union showed unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios of 0.85 and 0.82, respectively at 6 months, and 0.82 and 0.76, respectively at 12 months to return to work. Similarly, patients with delayed union or nonunion had unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios of 1.09 and 1.11, respectively at 6 months, and 1.33 and 1.37, respectively at 12 months to have pain. Both were statistically significant at 12 months post injury unadjusted and adjusted for age, gender and other injuries.

Patients with delayed union or non-union of femoral and tibial shaft fractures have poorer physical and mental health at 6 and 12 months post injury. In addition, they are less likely to have returned to work and more likely to still have pain at 12 months post injury.

Introduction

Sir John Charnley introduced his concept of low friction arthroplasty— though this did not necessarily mean low wear, as the initial experience with metal on teflon proved. Although other bearing surfaces had been tried in the past, the success of the Charnley THR meant that metal-on-polyethylene became the standard bearing couple for many years. However, concerns regarding the occurrence of peri-prosthetic lysis secondary to wear particles lead to consideration of other bearing surfaces and even to the avoidance of cement (although this has proven to be erroneous). Bearing combinations include polymers, ceramic and metallic materials and are generally categorised as hard/soft or hard/hard. In general, all newer bearing surface combinations have reduced wear but present with their own strengths and weaknesses, some of which are becoming more apparent with time.

Bearing surfaces must have the following characteristics: low wear rate, low friction, Biocompatibility and corrosion resistance in synovial fluid.

FAI has been implicated in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) and early detection may allow for treatment, which can slow or halt progression. FAI is a difficult condition to image and there is little objective evidence about imaging accuracy. We aim to measure the accuracy of five imaging modalities.

Three blinded observers retrospectively reviewed five different modalities from two age and sex matched groups: A patient group referred to the outpatient clinic with a clinical diagnosis of FAI and a control group who had had CT scans of the pelvis for suspected trauma, where the Pelvic scan had been reported as showing no injuries.

The imaging modalities were: Standard x-ray; Antero-Posterior, Lateral; Condition-specific x-ray projections; Dunn view, lateral internal rotation; Standard Computer Tomography (CT) multiplanar reconstruction (MPR); axial, sagittal and coronal; Condition-specific CT MPR; angled axial, angled coronal; 3D modelling; and surface rendered dynamic.

We found marked variations in the sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictiive Value (NPV) for each of the following imaging modalities: Standard X-ray; Sensitivity 51.9; Specificity; 57.1; PPV; 40; NPV; 68.3 Special X-rays; Sensitivity; 66.7; Specificity; 57.1; PPV; 46.1; NPV; 75.7. Standard CT MPR; Sensitivity; 40.7; Specificity; 75.5; PPV; 47.8; NPV; 69.8 Special CT MPR; Sensitivity; 48.1; Specificity; 57.1; PPV; 46.4; NPV; 70.8 Dynamic 3D CT models; Sensitivity; 55.6; Specificity; 69.3; PPV; 42.8; and NPV; 71.8.

The Dynamic 3D CT models (where the observer can manipulate the model in real time three dimension to control the perspective) proved to be the most accurate, closely followed by the special X-Ray views, which were also the most sensitive. The Standard CT MPRs were the most specific but had a low sensitivity.

This is the first study to measure sensitivity, specificity and PPV and NPV for these imaging modalities in FAI. We recommend the use of condition-specific X-Ray views as well as 3D CT Models for optimal imaging accuracy in this condition. Standard X-Ray views and CTs proved less useful.

A key determinant of long-term implant survival following primary TKA is post- operative alignment of the limb and components. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of the Vector-Vision CT-free navigation system versus conventional hand-guided TKA by comparing post-operative alignment.

In a retrospective study 51 sets of post-operative radiographs were analysed, 33 computer-guided and 18 hand-guided. A specific protocol for the measurement of post-operative TKA radiographs was outlined and a novel Trigonometric Method (TM) of angle measurement was compared with the traditional Goniometer Method (GM) of measurement.

The standardised protocol was applied to all 51 sets of radiographs. In total, six angles were measured on each radiograph by two independent observers and compared between the computer-guided and hand-guided groups.

A protocol for the measurement of post-operative TKA radiographs was delineated with step-by-step instructions. The TM of angle measurement had a precision of 1.06° compared with 1.5° using the GM. The standard deviation of the TM was significantly smaller than the GM (p=0.033) and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of the TM was 0.94 versus 0.90 for the GM.

For the Mechanical Axis (MA), 91% of patients in the computer-guided group attained a MA within 180±3o compared with only 78% in the hand-guided group. T he absolute median raw deviation from 180° was 0.8 in the navigated group and 1.9° in the hand-guided group (p=0.029). Thus, the navigated group was associated with significantly less variability about the neutral 180°. For the other five angle measurements, a higher percentage of patients attained a more neutral alignment with computer-guided TKA; however, these did not reach statistical significance

The computer-assisted group demonstrated significantly more neutral alignment following TKA, and this may in turn lead to reduced TKA failure rates and improved implant longevity. In addition, a new TM of angle measurement was found to be more superior in terms of precision in comparison to the traditional method.

As there is currently no evidenced-based and systematic way of prioritising people requiring JRS we aimed to develop a clinically relevant system to improve prioritisation of people who may require JRS. An important challenge in this area is to accurately assign a queue position and improve list management. To identify priority criteria areas eight workshops were held with surgeons and patients. Domains derived were pain, activity limitations, psychosocial wellbeing, economic impact and deterioration. Draft questions were developed and refined through structured interviews with patients and consultation with consultants. 38 items survived critical appraisal and were mailed to 600 patients. Eleven items survived clinimetric and statistical item reduction.

Validation then included co-administration with standardised questionnaires (960 patients), verification of patient MAPT scores through clinical interview, examination of concordance with surgeon global ratings and test-retest.

Ninety-six Victorian surgeons weighted items using Discrete Choice Experiments (DCEs). The DCE scaling generated a scale, which clearly ranked patients across the disease continuum. The MAPT differentiated people on or not on waiting lists (p<0.001), and was highly correlated with other questionnaires, e.g., unweighted-MAPT vs WOMAC (r=0.78), Oxford Hip/Knee (r=0.86/0.75), Quality of Life (r=0.78), Depression (r=0.64), Anxiety (r=0.60), p<0.001 for all. Test-retest was excellent (ICC=0.89, n=90). Cronbachs reliability was also high 0.85. The MAPT is now routinely administered across all Victorian hospitals undertaking arthroplasty where the response rate is generally above 90%. In the hands of clinicians the MAPT has been used to facilitate fast-tracking of patients with the greatest need, monitoring for deterioration in those waiting for surgery or having a trial of non-operative treatment and deferment of surgery for those that may benefit from further non-operative treatments.

The MAPT is short, easy to complete and clinically relevant. It is a specific measure of severity of hip/knee arthritis and assigns priority for surgery. It has excellent psychometric and clinimetric properties evidenced by concordance with standard disease-specific and generic scales and widespread use and endorsement across health services.

Long waiting times and a growing demand on services for joint replacement surgery (JRS) prompted the Victorian Department of Human Services to fund a University of Melbourne/Melbourne Health partnership to develop and implement an osteoarthritis (OA) hip and knee service delivery and prioritisation system for those who may require JRS.

The service delivery model consists of a multidisciplinary team providing, comprehensive early assessment, evidence-based interventions, including support for patient self-management, continuity of care processes, and prioritisation for both surgical assessment and JRS. Prioritisation occurs via clinical assessment and the Hip and Knee Multi-Attribute Prioritisation Tool (MAPT), a patient, clinician, or proxy-administered 11-item questionnaire, resulting in a 100-point scale ranking of need for surgery. The Hip and Knee MAPT was developed using intensive consultation with surgeons, state-of-the-art clinimetrics and with input from patients, hospital management groups. Ninety-six surgeons contributed to the developing the final scoring system.

Over 4000 patients per year are entering the system across 14 hospitals in Victoria. Under the supervision of the orthopaedics unit, musculoskeletal coordinator (MSC), typically an experienced physiotherapist or nurse, as part of the multidisciplinary team, undertakes early comprehensive assessment, referral and prioritisation of patients with hip or knee OA referred to orthopaedic outpatient clinics. In addition, the MSC coordinates the monitoring and management of patients on the orthopaedic surgery waiting list. The processes enable patients who are most needy (via higher MAPT score and clinical assessment) to be fast-tracked to orthopaedic surgery; conversely those patients with lower scores receive prompt conservative management.

Time to first assessment and waiting times to see a surgeon for many patients have reduced from 12+ months to weeks. Patients seen by surgeons are more likely to be ready for surgery and have had more comprehensive non-operative optimisation. Patients placed on the surgical waiting list receive quarterly reassessments and evidence of deterioration is used as a basis for fast-tracking to surgery.

The OWL system is a whole of system(tm) approach informed by patients needs and surgeons needs. Clinicians have developed confidence in the clinical relevance of the MAPT scores. Uptake of the OWL model of care has been very high because it facilitates better care and better patient outcomes.

Hip fracture is a common cause of hospital admission and is often followed by reduced quality of life, or by death. International experiences indicate there are many benefits to be gained from national hip fracture registries. This pilot project aims to implement a hip fracture registry at three sites, a large metropolitan public hospital (Flinders Medical Centre), a large metropolitan private hospital (Epworth HealthCare) and a rural regional hospital (Goulburn Valley Health) to assess the feasibility of establishing a national registry.

Patients undergoing surgery for a hip fracture will be recruited from the three participating hospitals between March and September 2009. A minimum data set will be collected at discharge, from hospital records. Items include patient demographics, fracture descriptors, length of stay, residential status, mobility, health status, surgical details and discharge destination. A phone interview at four months after surgery will measure outcomes by using the Extended Glasgow Outcomes Scale and documenting residential status, mobility, hip pain and readmissions. Re- operations, if any, will be collected. The availability of data from State Health Departments for validation of hospital case data will be reported.

The pilot study is in progress at the time of writing. Ethical approval has been obtained, data collection, transmission and storage systems have been developed and deployed, and case data collection is underway. Case data will be summarised to describe hip fracture at the participating hospitals. Analysis will review the data elements in the pilot data set and assess their priority for inclusion in a national register—taking account of the quality of the data obtained and the time and other resources required for their collection. We will also evaluate the four-month review process. Any potential obstacles to a national registry that are identified during the pilot will be described and ways to overcome them will be proposed.

A national hip fracture registry will improve the quality of care and safety of patients following hip fracture by developing an efficient mechanism to compare and improve the effectiveness of acute health care delivery by all hospitals involved in the management of hip fractures.

Percutaneous cannulated screw placement (PCSP) is a common method of fixation. In pelvic trauma neurovascular structures are in close proximity to the screw path. Pre-operative planning is needed to prevent injury. This study aims to the safety margin and accuracy of screw placement with computer navigation (CAS).

A control had no pathology in the pelvis but CT scans were performed for suspected trauma. The treated group had pelvic and acetabular fractures and were treated with CAS PCSP at our institution. Using a new technique involving CT 3D modelling of the whole (3D) safe corridor, the dimensions of the Posterior elements (PE) of the pelvic ring and the anterior column of the acetabulum (AC) were measured in the control group.

The accuracy of screw placement (deviation between the actual screw and planned screw) was measured in treated patient using a screenshot method and post-operative CTs. There were 22 control patients and 30 treated patients (40 screws).

The mean ± (standard deviation, SD) minimum measurement of the safe corridor at the PE was 15.6 ± 2.3 mm (range 11.6 mm to 20.2 mm) and at the AC was 5.9 ±1.6 mm (range 3.0 mm to 10.0 mm). The mean ± (SD) accuracy of screw placement was 6.1 ± 5.3 mm and ranged from a displacement of 1.3 mm to 16.1 mm. There was a notable correlation between Body Mass Index, duration of surgery and inaccuracy of screw placement in some patients. The largest inaccuracy of screw placement was due to reduction of the fracture during screw insertion, causing movement of the bone fragments relative to the array and therefore also the computerised screw plan.

There were no screw breakages, non-unions, neurological or vascular complications.

CAS PCSP is a safe and accurate technique. However, the safe corridor is variable and often very narrow. We recommend that the dimensions of the safe corridor be assessed pre-operatively in every patient using 3D modelling to determine the number and size of screw that can be safely placed.

Perthes disease often leaves young adults with hip joint incongruency due to femoral head asphericity, (extra-articular extrusion and superior flattening). This causes femoro-acetabular impingement, a reduced range of movement and early degenerative change. We report a novel method for restoration of femoral head sphericity and femoro-acetabular congruency.

Two males (aged 21 and 22 years) presented with groin pain and severe hip stiffness after childhood Perthes disease. Imaging confirmed characteristic saddle shaped deformities of the femoral head, with cartilage loss overlying a central depression in the superior section of the head. A new method of treatment was proposed. Both cases were treated in the same manner.

A surgical dislocation was performed with a trochanteric flip osteotomy. The extra-articular bump was removed with osteotomes and a burr to reduce femoro- acetabular impingement. The sphericity of the femoral head was restored using a HemiCap partial re-surfacing (Arthrosurface, MA, USA). The radius of the implant was selected to match that of the acetabulum. Restoration of the height of the flattened portion of the weight-bearing surface of the femoral head reduces abnormal loading of the acetabular articular cartilage by improving congruency of the joint. Both patients recovered without incident and were mobilised with crutches, restricted to touch weight-bearing for six weeks to protect union of the trochanteric osteotomy.

At a minimum of three year follow-up both patients had sustained improved range of movement, pain and Oxford hip score. Repeated imaging shows no evidence of joint space narrowing or loosening at this stage.

We conclude that this novel treatment functions well in the short term. Further surveillance is on-going to confirm that this treatment results in improved long term durability of the natural hip joint after Perthes disease.