The treatment of medial knee osteoarthritis (OA) in conjunction with anterior knee laxity is an issue of debate. Current treatment options include knee joint distraction, unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) or high tibial osteotomy with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction or total knee replacement. Bone-conserving options are preferred for younger and active patients with intact lateral and patello-femoral compartment. However, still limited experience exists in the field of combining medial UKR and ACL reconstruction The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the results of combined fixed-bearing UKR and ACL reconstruction, specifically with regard to patient satisfaction, activity level, and postoperative functional outcomes. The hypothesis was that this represents a safe and viable procedure leading to improved stability and functional outcome in patients affected by isolated unicompartmental OA and concomitant ACL deficiency. Fourteen patients with ACL deficiency and concomitant medial compartment symptomatic osteoarthritis were treated from 2006 to 2010. Twelve of them were followed up for an average time of 7.8 year (range 6–10 years). Assessment included Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Oxford Knee score (OKS), American Knee Society scores (AKSS), WOMAC index of osteoarthritis, Tegner activity level, objective examination including instrumented laxity test with KT-1000 arthrometer and standard X-rays. Wilcoxon test was utilized to compare the pre-operative and follow-up status. Differences with a p value <0.05 were considered statistically significant. KOOS score, OKS, WOMAC index and the AKSS improved significantly at follow-up (p < 0.05). There was no clinical evidence of instability in any of the knees as evaluated with clinical an instrumented laxity testing (p < 0.05). No pathologic radiolucent lines were observed around the components. In one patient a total knee prosthesis was implanted due to the progression of signs of osteoarthritis in the lateral compartment UKR combined with ACL reconstruction is a valid therapeutic option for young and active patients with a primary ACL injury who develop secondary OA and confirms subjective and objective clinical improvement up to 8 years after surgery.
The options for treatment of the young active patient with isolated symptomatic osteoarthritis of the medial compartment and pre-existing deficiency of the anterior cruciate ligament are limited. The indications for the unicompartimental knee prosthesis are selective. Misalignment femoral-tibia, varo-valgus angle more than 7°, over-weight, and knee instability were considered to be a contraindication. The potential longevity of the implant and levels of activity of the patient may preclude total knee replacement, and tibial osteotomy and unicompartmental knee arthroplasty are unreliable because of the ligamentous instability. Therefore, we combined reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament first and unicompartmental arthroplasty of the knee. We included in this study six patients, three males and three female, mean age 53.6 years, that presented only osteoarthritis of medial femoral condyle and ACL deficiency. In the first group included 2 patients, we performed arthroscopy ACL reconstruction with hamstring and unicompartimental knee prosthesis one-step, and in the second group included 4 patients, we performed the same surgical procedure in two-step. The clinical and radiological data at a minimum of 1.5 years at follow-up. We evaluated all patients with KOOS score, and IKDC score. At the last follow-up, no patient had radiological evidence of component loosening, no infection, no knee remainder instability. The subjective and objective outcome assessed with the scale documented satisfactory average results, both in patients of first group and in those of second group. ACL deficiency induced knee osteoarthritis for incorrect knee biomechanics, and all patients could be submit a total knee replacement. What method for preventing it? This combined surgical treatment seems to be a viable treatment option for young active patients with symptomatic arthritis of the medial compartment, in whom the anterior cruciate ligament has been ruptured. Future developments and more data are necessary for standardised surgical approach.
Regulations and in force laws impose to obtain an informed consent prior to any care, especially in surgical setting. Such consent must be informed, explicit, personal, specific and aware. Aim of the present study was the drawing of an informed consent form to be used in external fixation. The possible drawbacks of using external fixation have been divided in three main groups: general biological, local biological and external fixation related. Moreover, within this consent, a detailed patient compliance section has been included because of this particular fixation system, with regard on nursing, medications and treatment time. As for the specificity of indications in trauma, the pre-existing of risk factors as cigarette smoking or open fracture has been clearly stressed. Finally, the consent for hardware removal has been predisposed, too.
