We aimed to investigate the clinical consequences of intraoperative acetabular fractures. Between 2003 and 2012, a total of 3391 cementless total hip arthroplasties (THA) were performed at the Dept. of Orthopaedics, Innsbruck Medical University. Of those, a total of 160 patients underwent a CT scan within 30 days postoperatively. The scans of 44 patients were not suitable for analyse due to thick scan layers. Of the remaining 116 patients, 76 had a fracture. Reasons for CT-scans were suspected bleeding, hip pain, abdominal symptoms, etc.

The fractures included 59 isolated acetabular fractures, the rest of fractures was in the superior or inferior pubic ramus or the tuber ischiadicum.

Four cases out of the 59 acetabular fractures underwent revision surgery due to periprosthetic joint infection after 0, 2, 10 and 23 months. Four patients underwent revision due to cup loosening after 13 and 14 days as well as after 16 and 24 months. Of those, three showed a central acetabular fracture with protrusion.

In 33 of the remaining 51 patients, a minimum of 3 x-rays was available for migration analysis with EBRA. In 6 patients, the x-rays were not comparable to each other. The 27 remaining acetabular fractures were categorised according to AO classification in 62A1 (1; posterior wall), 62A2 (16; posterior column), 62A3 (6; anterior wall), and others (4). Four hips showed initial migration of more than 3 mm in the first 6 months. One had a central fracture, and was lost for follow-up after 8 months. Two had an anterior column fracture and showed no further migration after 6 months. One showed also a radiolucency of more than 2 mm in all 3 zones and was lost for follow-up.

We conclude that intraoperative acetabular fractures occur more often than we expected. Fractures of the acetabular ring involving one column do not seem to compromise the long-term stability of the implant. Central fractures required revision or showed loosening proved by high cup migration.

Background

Processing of allografts, which are used to fill bone defects in orthopaedic surgery, includes chemical cleaning as well as gamma irradiation to reduce the risk of infection. Viable bone cells are destroyed and denaturing proteins present in the graft the osteoconductive and osteoinductive characteristics of allografts are altered. The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanical differences of chemical cleaned allografts by adding blood, clotted blood, platelet concentrate and platelet gel using a uniaxial compression test.

Allografts are used to compensate for bone defects resulting from revision surgery, tumor surgery and reconstructive bone surgery. While it is well known that the reduction of fat content of allografts increases mechanical properties, the content of liquids were not assessed with known grain size distribution so far. The aim of the study was to compare the mechanical properties of dried allografts (DA) to allografts mixed with a saline solution (ASS) to allografts mixed with blood (AB) having a similar grain size distribution.

Fresh-frozen morsellized bone chips were cleaned chemically, sieved and reassembled in specific portions with known grain size distribution. A uniaxial compression was used to assess the yield limit of the three groups before and after compaction with a fall hammer apparatus.

No statistically significant difference could be found between all three groups for the yield limit (p=0.339) before compaction. After compaction no statistically significant difference could be found between DA and ASS (p=0.339) and between ASS and AB (p=0.554). AB showed a statistically significant higher yield limit than DA (p=0.022). At the yield limit 3 outliers were removed in DA, 1 in ASS and 1 in AB before compaction and 2 in DA and 1 in AB after compaction.

Excluding the effect of the grain size distribution on the mechanical properties it was shown that allografts have a lower yield limit, when lipids are present. The liquid content of allografts seems to play an inferior role as no statistically significant difference could be found between DA and ASS. It is suggested in accordance with other studies to chemical clean allografts before implantation to reduce the contamination risk and the fat content. An optimum liquid level still remains to be defined. The considerations here described are relevant for filling up bigger bone defects, while in smaller defects the differences between different preparation methods may be less prominent.

Introduction

BAG-S53P4 has similar mechanical properties as cortical bone tissue and can be used as an additive to bone allografts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding BAG-S53P4 to chemically treated allografts with controlled grain size distribution.

A cleaning process reduces the contamination risk in bone impaction grafting but also modifies the grain size distribution. The cleaned allograft shows a higher mechanical stability than the untreated group.

In revision total hip replacement, bone loss can be managed by impacting porous bone chips. The bone chips have to be compacted to guarantee sufficient mechanical strength. To improve the safety of bone grafts and to reduce the risk of bacterial and viral contamination, cleaning processes are used to remove the organic portion of the tissue while maintaining its mechanical characteristics.

A cleaning procedure described by Coraca-Huber et al. was compared to untreated allografts by performing a sieve analysis, followed by an uniaxial compression test. Differences in grain size distribution and weight loss during the cleaning procedure were compared to data from literature. Yield stress limits, flowability coefficients as well as initial density and density at the yield limit of the two groups were determined for each group over 30 measurements. The measurements were taken before and after compression with an impaction apparatus (dropped weight).

The cleaning process reduced the initial weight by 56%, which is comparable to the results of McKenna et. al. Cleaned allograft showed a 25% lower weight of bone chips sized > 4 mm compared to data from a previous study.

The cleaned bone chips showed a statistically significant (p > 0.01) higher yield limit to a compression force (0.165 ± 0.069 MPa) compared to untreated allograft after compaction (0.117 ± 0.062 MPa). The flowability coefficient was 0.024 for the cleaned allograft and 0.034 for the untreated allograft.

Initial density as well as the density at the yield limit was higher for the untreated allografts, as the sample weight was twice as high as in the cleaned group, to compensate for the washout of the organic portion. The cleaned bone grafts showed a higher compaction rate, which was 31%, compared the the untreated group with a compaction rate of 22%.

The cleaned allograft showed a higher compaction rate, which means that the gaps between the single grains are filled out with smaller particles, resulting in better interlocking. In the untreated allograft the interlocking mechanism is hindered by the organic elements. This observation is confirmed by a reduced flowabillity and a higher yield stress limit. The loss of weight as well as a higher compaction rate implies that more cleaned graft material is needed to fill bone defects in hip surgery. Sonication may damage the bone structure of the allograft and reduce the size of the particles.

In minimally invasive direct anterior total hip arthroplasty double offset broach handles are used, in order to facilitate the preparation of the femoral canal. The maximum value of the main force peak and the impulse of two types of double offset broach handles (A European version, B American version) were compared to a single offset broach handle (S). Results have demonstrated that the highest values of the main force peak and force impulse were found in the single offset broach handle. Broach handle A had higher impulse values and lower maximum force values compared to broach handle B. In double offset broach handles less energy is transmitted to the tip. Broach handle A has a lower force peak than B and therefore a reduced risk of bone fracture.

In Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) bone loss is recovered by using compacted porous bone chips. The technique requires the morsellised allograft to be adequately compacted to provide initial stability for the prosthesis in order to prevent early massive subsidence and to induce bone remodeling. Therefore the bone grafts provide initial stability and an environment in which revascularization and incorporation of the graft into the host skeleton may occur. Acetabular reconstruction with impacted morsellised cancellous grafts and cement leads to satisfactory long-term results. In the acetabular impact-grafting procedure, a hammer and an impaction stick is used for manual compaction. Another technique uses a hammer driven by compressed air, which could lead to higher density and improved stability of bone chips in the acetabulum. The aim of this study was to compare two different compaction modes for bone impaction grafting for the acetabulum. The hypothesis was that a pneumatic impaction method would produce less variable results than the manual impaction mode and lead to better compaction results of the bone chips in less time.

Bone mass characteristics were measured by force and distance variation of a penetrating punch, which was lowered into a plastic cup filled with bone chips. For each compaction method and for each time interval (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 30 [s] of compaction time) 30 measurements of force and distance variations were taken. From the measurements of force and distance variations bulk density, contact stiffness, impaction hardness and penetration resistance were calculated before and after the established time intervals of compaction. Since not all data was normally distributed the non-parametric U-Test was used for comparison of the two impaction methods. Particle size distribution was determined using sieve analysis according to Din 18123 standard after the compaction experiments.

Results have shown that the pneumatic method leads to higher values in impaction hardness, contact stiffness and bulk density and is more suitable to increase the primary stability of the implant. The differences in bulk density, impaction hardness and contact stiffness where statistically significant (p<0.01). No significant differences were found between the two different methods concerning the penetration resistance. The coefficient of uniformity C_u, calculated from the particle size distribution determined by the sieve analysis, has a value of 3.8.

The particle size distribution is comparable to the results published in literature. Pneumatic impaction achieves higher density values in less time with less force applied and results in more reproducible outcomes when used. It reduces therefore the risk of bone fracture, as smaller peak forces are used for less time. However for optimal osteointegration it is not recommended to achieve maximum density. Further clinical studies should determine a reference value for optimal growth-in of osteocytes. Manual impaction shows more variable results and depends much on the experience of the surgeon. The pneumatic hammer is therefore a suitable tool to standardize the impaction process for acetabular bone defects.

In revision total hip replacement, bone loss can be managed by impacting porous bone chips. In order to guarantee sufficient mechanical strength, the bone chips have to be compacted. The aim of this study was to determine in an in vitro simulation whether the use of a pneumatic hammer leads to higher primary stability than manual impaction. Bone mass characteristics were measured by force and distance variation of a penetrating punch, which was lowered into a plastic cup filled with bone chips. From these measurements bulk density, contact stiffness, impaction hardness and penetration resistance were calculated for different durations of impaction.

We found that the pneumatic method reached higher values of impaction hardness, contact stiffness and bulk density suggesting an increase in stability of the implant. No significant differences were found between the two different methods concerning the penetration resistance. The pneumatic method might reduce the risk of fracture in vivo, as force peaks are smaller and applied for a shorter period. Results from manual impaction showed higher variability and depend much on the experience of the surgeon. The pneumatic hammer is a suitable tool to standardise the impaction process.