Aims

To evaluate the incidence of primary venous thromboembolism (VTE), epidural haematoma, surgical site infection (SSI), and 90-day mortality after elective spinal surgery, and the effect of two protocols for prophylaxis.

Aims

This study describes the use of the Masquelet technique to treat segmental tibial bone loss in 12 patients.

Introduction

There are conflicting reports about the efficacy of injection to the thumb carpometacarpal joint (CMCJ) for osteoarthritis (OA). The accuracy of joint injection without radiological control is unclear. We investigated the accuracy of blind injection and recorded their immediate and short term efficacy.

Background

The current treatment options available for Trapezio-metacarpal arthritis are injection, splint and ultimately surgery. The injections are predominantly done by General practitioners and no data is available to specialist.

Introduction

Following National patient safety alert on cement use in hip fracture surgery, we investigated the incidence and pattern of 72 hours peri-operative mortality after hip fracture surgery in a District General Hospital.

Introduction

There is uncertainty about the relationship between improvement in range of motion (ROM) and functional outcome or patient satisfaction after total hip arthroplasty (THA). Using data from a prospective multi-centre study we investigated this relationship.

Introduction

Malalignment of some designs of stem is associated with an increased risk of aseptic loosening and revision. We investigated whether the alignment of the cemented polished, double-taper design adversely affected outcome, in a multicentre prospective study.

Introduction

Acetabular cup lucency predicts cup survival. The relationship of subchondral plate removal and cup survival is unclear. Using data from a prospective study conducted between January 1999 and January 2002 we investigated the role of subchondral plate removal in cemented acetabular cup survival at five years.

Introduction

Preoperative psychological distress has been reported to predict poor outcome and patient dissatisfaction after total hip replacement (THR). We investigated this relationship in a prospective multi-centre study between January 1999 and January 2002.

Damage to the dorsomedial branch of the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve is not uncommon in surgery of the hallux. The resultant morbidity can be disabling. In the light of the senior author’s operative observation of a sentinel vein, we undertook a cadaver study to investigate the anatomical relationships of the dorsomedial branch of the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve. This established that in 14 of 16 cadaver great toes exposed via a modified medial incision, there is an easily identified vein which runs transversely superficial and proximal to the nerve. In a prospective clinical study of 171 operations on the great toe using this approach, we confirmed this anatomical relationship in 142 procedures (83%), with no complaint of numbness or pain in the scar at follow-up. We attribute this to careful identification of the ‘sentinel’ vein and the subjacent sensory nerve, which had been successfully protected from damage. We recommend this technique when operating on the great toe.

Objective: The practice of routine admission of isolated sternal fractures for observation is still widespread in the UK in spite of evidence to the contrary. We undertook a cross-sectional telephone survey of management of isolated sternal fractures in the UK.

Methods: We contacted 85 acute admitting units over a three month period and were able to get a response from 67 units.

Results: Most of the hospitals were district general hospitals (52) and situated in England (49)(Wales 4, Scotland 11, Northern Ireland 3). The orthopaedic department was the commonest admitting department (26) (General Surgery 19, Cardiothoracic Surgery 11, Accident & Emergency 9, Acute Medicine 2). 51 units would routinely admit isolated sternal fractures for observation. Other indications for admission include pain control (33), abnormal cardiac enzymes (28), social circumstances (23), abnormal electrocardiogram (6), and low oxygen saturation (5). Chest X-ray was performed on admission in all hospitals. 57 hospitals perform routine ECG and Cardiac enzymes prior to admission and 6 hospitals routinely carry out Echo-cardiogram subsequently. Patients were admitted for overnight observation and discharged the next day in all hospitals. Patients were not followed up on discharge except 3 units, where 2 hospitals with Cardio-thoracic unit would follow-up patients on discharge, and 1 hospital regularly advised GP follow-up.

Discussion: We found that the current practice of management of isolated sternal fractures in the UK did not conform to available evidence. A review of the literature indicated that patients with isolated sternal fractures are at low risk of significant cardiac, pulmonary or mediastinal complications and do not need extensive investigations or routine admission. In this instance, evidence based practice might help us to better utilise finite resources without jeopardising patient care.

Objective: Notwithstanding the increasing recognition of occult hip fracture the diagnosis is not suspected in some patients who present later with displaced hip fracture. We wished to investigate if the “missed occult fracture” group had any distinct demographic or clinical details and the eventual outcome of delayed diagnosis and treatment.

Methods: Over a three year period we followed all patients admitted with fracture neck of femur to identify patients where the diagnosis was initially missed and compared them with patients admitted over the same period with a correct suspicion of occult hip fracture.

Results: Out of 797 patients with hip fractures there were 24 occult hip fractures, the diagnosis was initially missed in 9 of them. In the correctly identified occult fracture patients 8/15 were independently mobile and 9/15 were living in own home compared to 0/9 independently mobile and 2/9 living in own home with missed occult fracture (both p< 0.001, Fisher exact test).7/9 patients with a missed diagnosis had mental confusion but none in the rest (p< 0.001). All patients presented within 10 days from the index visit (range 3–10). There was no obvious history of a fall in 2 patients. 4 patients had restricted straight leg raise ability on initial examination but were dismissed. 8/9 had intra-capsular fracture of which 6 had displaced at repeat presentation and required hemiarthroplasty. Maximum follow-up is 18 months (range 13–18 months) and 1 year mortality rate is 33%.

Discussion: Patients with a missed diagnosis of occult hip fracture appear physiologically less robust compared to the patients who are correctly suspected and investigated for occult fracture. The patients with missed diagnosis have higher ASA grade and their mental confusion, restricted mobility and dependence for activities of daily living are statistically significantly different compared to patients where the diagnosis is correctly suspected. Most of them have sub-capital femoral neck fractures and will most likely return with a displaced fracture within a week. We suggest a low threshold for investigation for occult hip fracture in the elderly, infirm and mentally confused.

Mortality after hip fractures in the elderly is one of the most important patient outcome measures. Sub-clinical thyroid dysfunction is common in the elderly population. This is a prospective study of 131 elderly patients with a mean (SD) age of 82.0 (8.9) years (range: 61–94) admitted consecutively to our trauma unit. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical thyroid dysfunction in an elderly cohort of patients with hip fracture and to determine if this affects the one year mortality.

There were three times more women (n=100) than men (n=31) in this cohort. All patients underwent surgical treatment for the hip fracture. The prevalence of sub-clinical hypothyroidism (TSH > 5.5 mU/L) was15% (n=20) and of sub-clinical hyperthyroidism (TSH < 0.35 mU/L) was 3% (n=4). Overall 18% (n=24) of patients had a subclinical thyroid dysfunction. The twelve month mortality was 27% (n=36).

Age, gender, heart rate at admission, pre-existing Coronary Heart Disease, ASA grade and presence of overt or subclinical thyroid dysfunction were analysed for association with twelve month mortality using a forward stepwise logistic regression analysis. Only ASA grade was found to significantly affect mortality at twelve months (c2 = 3.98, df = 1, p =.046). The presence of sub-clinical hypo or hyper – thyroidism was not associated with a higher mortality (p = 0.278).

We conclude that sub-clinical thyroid dysfunction does not affect the one year mortality in elderly patients treated surgically for hip fracture.

Introduction: We prospectively followed all hip fracture patients admitted between 2004–2006, identified cases where the intention was to treat conservatively and compared their functional outcome and mortality with a similar cohort treated surgically over the same period.

Methods: We recorded length of hospital stay, place of discharge, pre and post-fracture mobility and residence, 30 day and 1 yr mortality, re-admission and delayed surgery. The group treated surgically was recruited and matched for age, gender, pre and post fracture mobility, mental confusion and independence with the conservatively treated group.

Results: 25 patients were treated conservatively. 22 patients treated surgically over the same period were recruited. The mean hospital stay was 13 days in both groups. There were 4 extracapsular (3 displaced) and 21 intracapsular fractures (5 displaced) in the conservative arm and 11 extracapsular and 9 intracapsular fractures in the surgically treated arm. 4 patients from the conservative treatment group underwent late surgery 20 days – 2 months after the index event. Surgically treated group had 11 dynamic screw fixation, 1 cannulated screw, 1 total hip replacement and 7 hemiarthroplasty. 9/14 of the conservatively treated patients were mobile independently or with aid after treatment compared to 11/16 patients after surgery. 7/16 patients treated conservatively were living independently in their own residence, compared to 10/14 patients in the operatively treated patients. 1 month and 1 year mortality in conservatively treated group was 4/21 and 7/21 respectively compared to 1/20 and 5/20 in the operative fixation group. There was no statistically significant difference in mobility, residence or mortality between the two groups (Fisher exact test, p > 0.05).

Discussion: Conservative management after hip fracture in medically unfit patients does not result in statistically significant difference in functional outcome or mortality compared to patients treated surgically.

Introduction: We investigated the relationship between psychological distress and outcome after total hip replacement (THR) in the Exeter Primary Outcome Study (EPOS).

Materials & Methods: Data were collected from a number of centres across England between January 1999 and January 2002 for patients undergoing primary hip replacement using the cemented Exeter femoral component (Stryker). We recorded the Oxford Hip Score (OHS) for physical function and SF36 questionnaire for both physical and mental domain assessment annually for five years. We dichotomised the patients into the mentally distressed (MHS < 50) and the not mentally distressed (MHS ≥ 50) groups based on their pre-operative Mental Health Score (MHS) from the SF36 score.

Results: Complete data were available for 455 (407 not distressed and 48 distressed) patients. Pre-operative OHS and SF-36 score was significantly worse in the distressed group (both p< 0.001). Mean OHS improved from 43 to 20 at 1 year after surgery and remained the same thereafter in the non distressed group. In the mentally distressed group pre-operative mean OHS of 48 improved to 22 at 1 year after surgery. Maximum improvement in OHS occurred in the 1st yr after surgery. Mean MHS improved from 76 to 81 at 1 year after surgery and remained the same thereafter in the non distressed group. Mean MHS improved from 35 to 62 at 1 year after surgery, reaching 65 at 5 years after surgery in the mentally distressed group. The maximum improvement in MHS occurred in the 1st yr after surgery.

Conclusion: Pre-operative psychological distress did not compromise functional outcome after hip arthroplasty. There was a substantial improvement in mental distress in patients with mental distress prior to surgery. Both groups of patients experienced improvement in Oxford Hip Score, which was maximal by 1 year after surgery and was maintained over the 5 year follow up.

We present the results of prospective evaluation of digital compared to plain radiographic pre-operative templating for primary total knee replacement. All consecutive patients undergoing primary knee replacement under the senior author (AS) were eligible. Patients with previous knee replacement or without calibrated digital or plain radiographs were excluded. Plain radiographs were templated against acetate templates supplied by the manufacturer. Digital images were templated with the help of commercial software TraumaCad. A 25mm spherical metal ball placed nearest to the affected knee joint acted as calibration object. AS performed all the templating. The ICC value for intra-rater reliability was 0.846 for tibial templating and 0.840 for femoral templating. PFC sigma cruciate substituting components were implanted in all patients. 28 consecutive patients between April 2006 and June 2007 were included. Accurate digital templating score was 80% for tibial implant and 40% for femur. Accuracy of analog templating was 55% for tibial implant and 50% for femur. There was no mismatch of over one size. The differences between templated and implanted sizes were plotted against their mean in Bland-Altman plot. The 95% confidence interval of the differences between digital and actual sizes were: 0.78 to − 0.75 sizes for tibial implant and 1.15 to −0.93 sizes for femoral implant. The 95% confidence interval of the differences between plain and actual sizes were: 0.38 to −0.99 size for tibial implant and 0.93 to −1.32 size for femoral implant. The two tailed P value for difference between digital and analog templating from a Wilcoxon matched pair signed rank test was 0.021 for tibia and 0.006 for femur. We found preoperative templating by the operating surgeon reliable and accurate but digital templating did not offer any additional advantage.

Purpose: To investigate the value of various clinical signs to identify occult hip fracture.

Methodology: MRI register was searched to identify all patients who had MRI scan between July 2000–June 2006 for suspected occult hip fracture. 64 patients were identified. 33 patients had occult proximal femoral fractures. 27 patients had no fracture.

Results: 19 patients with fracture were not independently mobile compared to 6 patients without fracture. 7 patients with fracture and 2 patients without fracture were able to weight bear. 13 patients with fracture and 10 patients without fracture had unrestricted straight leg raise ability. 7 patients with fracture and 16 patients without fracture had no pain on axial loading. Fisher exact and chi square analysis was performed; with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (10 tests) p< 0.005 was deemed significant. Pain on axial loading of limb and pre-fracture patient mobility were associated with fracture (p< 0.005). Both factors had positive predictive value = 0.76 and post-test probability of disease given a negative test = .30. Predictive values remained the same when both factors were considered together.

Discussion: These data indicate that although patients who were independently mobile before the fall and who do not have pain on axial compression of the limb are less likely to have a fracture, these signs alone or in combination will not exclude a fracture. It is essential to perform MRI scanning of patients with severe hip pain but normal x rays after fall as it does not seem possible to clinically exclude fracture.

The objective of this study was to ascertain knowledge of the normal anatomy and appreciation of components of an “adequate” or “acceptable“ reduction by the medical staff responsible for management of distal radius fractures in the emergency departments (A& E) in UK. A nation wide structured questionnaire survey based on literature review was performed on 138 doctors. Of the 100 (72%) respondents, only 40% could cite the correct values for volar tilt, radial inclination, and ulnar variance, there being a significant difference between orthopaedic n=16(64%) and A& E staff n=24(32%); p=0.031; c2 = 12.17. Only 18% respondents were aware of the acceptable ranges of adequate reduction; with orthopaedic staff n=12 (48%) being more aware than A& E staff, n=6 (8%); p=0.002; c2 = 6.38. Only 19% formally measure the key parameters before decision making [52% Orthopaedic versus 8% A& E staff; p=0.018; c2 = 7.31]. Only 14% of respondents from hospitals equipped with picture archive navigation system (PACS) stated that they used the angle measurement function.

A lack of knowledge of the normal anatomical values and implementation of generally accepted measurement criteria predictive of fractures unlikely to benefit from repeat manipulations is evident. It is important to emphasize the influence of factors reported to affect stability such as age, functional demands of the patient and extent of initial fracture displacement in decision making. The introduction of a set of guidelines and further education of the medical staff could reduce the number of inappropriately treated distal radial fractures in the A& E setting with significant economic implications.

Introduction: Pre-operative templating helps the operating surgeon to accurately choose optimal implant size. In the past analog images have been templated with the help of acetate templates. With the introduction of Picture Archive and Communications Systems (PACS) digital software is now available. We would like to present preliminary results of an ongoing prospective study investigating the accuracy of digital templating compared to actual implant size in primary hip arthroplasty.

Methodology: The senior author pre-operatively templated implant size using the TraumaCad (Orthocrat limited, Israel). Images were saved and displayed using the web based PACS system RADIN (RADIN 3.2, SoHard AG, Germany). All patients undergoing primary hip replacement surgery were included in the study. Patients with significant collpase of the acetabulum or femoral head needing additional reconstruction were excluded. Hips were templated using radiographs calibrated against a spherical metal ball. For each hip, an AP pelvis view was used. Acetabular implants used were either Trident PSL or Exeter contemporary cup (Stryker). Femoral stem was Exeter (Stryker). Predicted implant sizes were documented. Operation was performed by the senior author or under his supervision using the posterior approach. Postoperatively, the predicted implant size was compared to the implanted components.

Results: 18 consecutive primary total hip arthroplasties were templated. The differences between digital and actual sizes were plotted against their mean in Bland- Altman plot. The 95% confidence interval of the differences between digital and actual sizes were ± 4mm (±2 sizes) for acetabluar cup, ±1 mm (± ½ size) for femoral stem and ± 6mm (±1 size) for offset. All postoperative films showed good fit of components and there were no intraoperative or postoperative fractures.

Discussion: Our data indicate that digital templating is reliable in predicting actual implant sizes for total hip arthroplasty. We hope to present a larger series in the meeting.

Introduction: The possibility of occult hip fracture in older patients after a fall is a common problem. The value of various clinical signs to determine which patients require further investigation has not been reported.

Methodology: MRI register was hand searched to identify all patients who had MRI scan between July 2000–June 2006 for suspected occult hip fracture. 64 patients were identified. 33 patients had occult proximal femoral fractures. 27 patients had no fracture.

Results: More patients with fracture were living in their own home (20/26), were independent for daily living (20/26) and were not independently mobile(19/26) compared to patients without a fracture (14/22, 11/22 and 6/22 respectively). 7 patients with fracture and 2 patients without fracture were able to weight bear. 13 patients with fracture and 10 patients without fracture had unrestricted straight leg raise ability. 7 patients with fracture and 16 patients without fracture had no pain on axial loading. The value of individual tests was evaluated using Fisher exact and chi square analysis; with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (10 tests) p< 0.005 was deemed significant. Pain on axial loading of the limb and pre-fracture patient mobility were both associated with the presence of a fracture (p< 0.005).

Discussion: These data indicate that although patients who were independently mobile before the fall and who do not have pain on axial compression of the limb are less likely to have a fracture, these signs alone or in combination will not exclude a fracture. Other widely used signs (eg ability to straight leg raise) appear of little predictive value. On the basis of our data, we believe it is essential to have a policy of MRI scanning of patients with severe hip pain but normal x rays after a fall as it does not seem possible to clinically exclude a fracture.