Industries such as agriculture, construction and military have stringent rules about hearing protection due to the risk of noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). Due to the use of power tools, orthopaedic staff may be at risk of the same condition. The UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) have clear standards as to what is deemed acceptable occupational noise levels on an A-weighted and C weighted scale. This review is aimed to assess evidence on noise exposure testing within Orthopaedic theatres to see if it exceeds the HSE regulations.

A targeted search of online databases PUBMED and EMBASE was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) principles. This review was registered prospectively in PROSPERO. An eligibility criterion identifying clinical studies which assessed noise exposure for Orthopaedic staff in theatres were included. Noise exposure data was extracted from these studies and a comparison was made with A weighted and C weighted acceptable exposure levels as quoted in the HSE regulations.

Fourteen papers were deemed eligible, which reviewed 133 Orthopaedic operations and 64 Orthopaedic instruments. In total, 61% (81 of 132) of Orthopaedic operations and 70% (45 of 64) of instruments exceeded the noise regulations on an A weighted scale. 22% (10 of 46) of operations exceeded the maximum C weighted peak acceptable noise level.

Orthopaedic instruments and operations can exceed safe occupational noise levels. NHS Trusts have clear policies about noise exposure in the workplace but have yet to identify Orthopaedic theatres as a potential at risk area. Orthopaedic staff need education, monitoring and protection whereas Employers and Occupational Health should consider assessments to identify at risk staff in Orthopaedic theatres and offer preventative methods from NIHL.

Aims

In the UK, the agricultural, military, and construction sectors have stringent rules about the use of hearing protection due to the risk of noise-induced hearing loss. Orthopaedic staff may also be at risk due to the use of power tools. The UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) have clear standards as to what are deemed acceptable occupational levels of noise on A-weighted and C-weighted scales. The aims of this review were to assess the current evidence on the testing of exposure to noise in orthopaedic operating theatres to see if it exceeds these regulations.

Aims

The aim of this study was to compare open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with revision surgery for the surgical management of Unified Classification System (UCS) type B periprosthetic femoral fractures around cemented polished taper-slip femoral components following primary total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Abstract

Achieving arthrodesis of the ankle can be difficult in the presence of infection, deformity, poor soft tissues and bone loss. We present a series of 48 patients with complex ankle pathology, treated with the Ilizarov technique. Infection was present in 30 patients and 30 had significant deformity before surgery. Outcome was assessed clinically and with patient-reported outcome measures (Modified American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (MAOFAS) scale and the Short-Form (SF-36)).

Arthrodesis was achieved in 40 patients with the Ilizarov technique alone and in six further patients with additional surgery. Infection was eradicated in all patients at a mean follow-up of 46.6 months (13 to 162). Successful arthrodesis was less likely in those with comorbidities and in tibiocalcaneal fusion compared with tibiotalar fusion.

These patients had poor general health scores compared with the normal population before surgery. The mean MAOFAS score improved significantly from 24.3 (0 to 90) pre-operatively to 56.2 (30 to 90) post-operatively, but there was only a modest improvement in general health; the mean SF-36 improved from 44.8 (19 to 66) to 50.1 (21 to 76). There was a major benefit in terms of pain relief.

Arthrodesis using the Ilizarov technique is an effective treatment for complex ankle pathology, with good clinical outcomes and eradication of infection. However, even after successful arthrodesis general health scores remain limited.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:371–7.

Introduction

The use of a mobile-bearing knee system is increasing in modern total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Mobile-bearing TKA improves kinematics and is reliable and capable of providing substantial benefit for patients. The aim of this study was to report independent long term results of uncemented low contact stress (LCS) mobile bearing total knee replacement

Introduction

The Ilizarov method for non-union comprises a range of treatment protocols designed to generate tissue, correct deformity, eradicate infection and secure union. The choice of specific reconstruction method is difficult, but should depend on the biological and mechanical needs of the non-union. We present a prospective series of patients with non-union of the tibia managed using a treatment algorithm based on the Ilizarov method and the viability of the non-union.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the treatment of post-traumatic arthritis following acetabular fracture and to compare the long-term outcome of THA after previous open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or conservative treatment of the acetabular fracture.

Thirty-four patients (thirty-six hips) underwent total hip arthroplasty for arthritis resulting from acetabular fractures. There were twenty-six males (27 hips) and eight females (9 hips). The mean age at the time of hip arthroplasty was 49 years (range, 25-78 years). The mean follow-up was eight years and nine months (range, 4-17 years). The mean interval from fracture to arthroplasty was 7.5 years (range, 5 months-29 years). Two patients died of unrelated causes and two patients were lost to follow-up. Thirty patients (32 hips) were available for latest follow-up. Twenty-one hips had been previously treated by open reduction internal fixation and 11 hips had conservative treatment.

Sixteen patients achieved and maintained a good to excellent result over the course of the follow-up. There was no difference in improvement of mean Harris Hip Score between both groups (p>0.05). Ten out of 32 hips required revision; 9 acetabular components were revised because of aseptic loosening (3), osteolysis/excessive wear (4), instability (1) and infection (1) with a total revision rate of 28%. Eight patients needed acetabular revision alone, one femoral revision alone and one revision of both components. There was no significant difference in bone grafting, heterotopic bone formation, revision rate, operative time and blood loss between the two groups (p> 0.05).

Those patients initially treated conservatively had similar long term results compared to those treated primarily by open reduction internal fixation. At long term follow-up the main problem identified was osteolysis and acetabular wear.

Introduction

Ankle fusion presents a difficult problem in the presence of infection, inadequate soft tissue, poor bone stock and deformity. Nonunion and infection remains a problem even with internal fixation. Ilizarov frame provides an elegant solution to the problem with stable remote fixation while allowing lengthening, deformity correction and weight bearing.

The incidence of cervical spine injuries associated with facial fractures varies from study to study. The presence or absence of a cervical spine injury has important implications in trauma patients, influencing airway management techniques, choice of diagnostic imaging studies, surgical approach and timing for repair of concomitant facial fractures. There is general agreement that immediate management of cervical spine injuries is mandatory to prevent further neurological injury. Nevertheless, disagreement exists as to the actual incidence of cervical spinal trauma in conjunction with various facial fracture patterns. The purpose of this study was to review the incidence of cervical spine injury associated with various upper, middle and lower one-third facial fractures presenting to St. Michael's Hospital Regional Trauma Centre. A retrospective chart review was performed of patients presenting to the Trauma Service at St. Michael's Hospital from 1 January 1993 to 31 December 2003 inclusive. The data from this 10 year time span revealed a total of 124 patients with cervical spine injuries drawn from a cohort of 3,356 patients with craniomaxillofacial fractures. The overall incidence of cervical spine injury was 3.7%. Isolated upper 1/3 facial and skull fractures accounted for 1,711 of the patients and were associated with cervical spine injury in .53% of cases, while isolated middle 1/3 facial fractures were seen in 1,154 patients and were associated with a 1.13% rate of cervical injuries. The largest rate of association for cervical spine injury and isolated fractures was seen with lower 1/3 facial fractures at 1.51%. In contrast, combined facial fracture patterns involving two or more facial thirds accounted for the great majority of cervical spine injuries occurring at an incidence of 7.1%. The implications for trauma assessment, diagnosis and treatment of these injuries are reviewed.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate functional outcome following supracondylar femur fractures using patient-based outcome measures.

Patients having sustained supracondylar femur fractures between 1990 and 2004 were identified from the fracture databases of two level-one trauma centres. Three patient-based outcome measures, the Short Form-36 (SF-36) Version two, the Short Musculoskeletal Functional Scale (SMFA), and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) were used to evaluate functional outcome. Each patient’s medical record was also reviewed to obtain information regarding potential predictors of outcome, including age, gender, fracture type (AO classification), presence of comorbidities, smoking status, open vs. closed fracture, and occurrence of complications. Univariate and multivariate models were then used to identify significant predictors of outcome, as reflected in the SMFA bother and dysfunction scores.

Sixty-one patients (thirty-five males and twenty-six females) with an average age (at time of injury) of 53 ± 18 years consented to participate. The average length of follow-up was 64 ± 34 months from the time of injury. Mean SF-36 V2 scores were lower than Canadian population norms indicating decreased function or greater pain, while mean SMFA scores were higher than published population norms indicating greater impairment and bother. The mean LEFS score was 40.78 ± 15.90 out of a maximum score of eighty. At the univariate level, the presence of complications was a significant predictor of both the SMFA bother (p=0.002) and dysfunction scores (p=0.015), while positive smoking status was a significant predictor of the bother score (p=0.002). Based on a multivariate linear regression model, the presence of complications (p=0.013) and positive smoking status (p=0.011) were both significant predictors of a higher SMFA bother score. In the multivariate model for SMFA dysfunction score, the presence of complications (p=0.014) and the presence of comorbidities (p=0.017) were significant predictors of a higher score.

Comparing SF-36 and SMFA scores with published population norms, supracondylar femur fractures were associated with residual impact. Based on our analysis, smoking, the presence of medical comorbidities at the time of fracture, and the occurrence of complications following fracture repair were the main predictors of poorer patient outcomes following supracondylar femur fracture.

Purpose: To determine the differences in bone remodelling between a metaphyseal and a diaphyseal fixed stem in uncemented total hip arthroplasty.

Methods: Twenty-three patients undergoing uncemented total hip arthroplasty (28 hips) utilizing a metaphyseal fit stem were matched to 27 patients (32 hips) undergoing uncemented total hip arthroplasty utilizing a diaphyseal fit stem. Patients were matched for age, gender and follow-up. All patients were assessed by clinical and radiographic examination at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and yearly thereafter. Radiographs were assessed for periprosthetic bone remodelling, canal fill, canal shape and bone quality using the cortical index and the Singh index. At latest follow-up all radiographs were assessed for frequency and time of appearance of spot welds, cortical hypertrophy and development of pedestal formation. All patients were assessed clinically utilizing the modified Harris hip score.

Results: At one year there was no difference in the clinical results between the two groups of patients utilizing the modified Harris hip score 90.6 + 1.5 in metaphyseal fit stems versus 91.7 + 1.7 for diaphyseal fit stems (p> 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the two groups in either femoral canal shape or bone quality–canal-to-calcar ratio 0.49 versus 0.45 (p> 0.05); cortical index 0.45 versus 0.44 (p> 0.05); Singh index 3.44 versus 3.70 (p> 0.05). In assessing canal fill proximal canal fill was statistically greater in metaphyseal fit stems and distal canal fill was significantly greater in diaphyseal fit stems (p< 0.01). There was a statistically significant increase in the frequency and timing of spot welds in metaphyseal stems at 3 months and 6 months (p< 0.05) but no difference in the frequency of spot welds at 1 year and 2 years. Cortical hypertrophy was significantly increased at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years in metaphyseal fit stems as compared to diaphyseal fit stems (p< 0.05). There was no difference in pedestal formation at 1 year or 2 years between the two stem groups (p> 0.05).

Conclusions: After one year the only significant difference between these two groups of patients is increased cortical hypertrophy in those patients undergoing metaphyseal versus diaphyseal stem insertion. Both stem designs demonstrated bone remodelling with no differences in spot welds or pedestal formation. At two years there was no functional difference between these two patient groups.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the treatment of posttraumatic arthritis following acetabular fracture and to compare the long-term outcome of THA after previous open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or conservative treatment of the acetabular fracture.

Method: Thirty-four patients (thirty-six hips) underwent total hip arthroplasty for arthritis resulting from acetabular fractures. There were twenty-six males (27 hips) and eight females (9 hips). The mean age at the time of hip arthroplasty was 49 years (range, 25–78 years). The mean follow-up was eight years and nine months (range, 4–17 years). The mean interval from fracture to arthroplasty was 7.5 years (range, 5 months-29 years). Two patients died of unrelated causes and two patients were lost to follow up. Thirty patients (32 hips) were available for latest follow up. Twenty-one hips had been previously treated by open reduction internal fixation and 11 hips had conservative treatment.

Results: Sixteen patients achieved and maintained a good to excellent result over the course of the follow-up. There was no difference in improvement of mean Harris Hip Score between both groups (p> 0.05).

Ten out of 32 hips required revision; 9 acetabular components were revised because of aseptic loosening (3), osteolysis/excessive wear (4), instability (1) and infection (1) with a total revision rate of 28%. Eight patients needed acetabular revision alone, one femoral revision alone and one revision of both components. There was no significant difference in bone grafting, heterotopic bone formation, revision rate, operative time and blood loss between the two groups (p> 0.05).

Conclusions: Those patients initially treated conservatively had similar long term results compared to those treated primarily by open reduction internal fixation. At long term follow-up the main problem identified was osteolysis and acetabular wear.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long term results of meniscal transplantation in a consecutive series of younger patients treated for pain in the tibiofemoral compartment following a previous meniscectomy.

METHODS: One hundred and thirty eight (138) menisci were implanted into one hundred and thirty-five (135) patients over a sixteen year period.

Seventy five (75) knees also had an associated osteotomy, and eleven (11) had a ligament reconstruction. The clinical outcome using pain and functional knee scores and failure rate of all transplants was evaluated at a mean 10.2 years (2–16 years) postoperatively.

RESULTS: One hundred and twenty (120) patients with one hundred and twenty three (123) meniscal grafts were available for final follow up. Fifteen (15) patients were lost to follow up. Seventy five percent (75%) of patients had an improvement in pain knee score and seventy one percent (71 %) of patients had an improvement in functional knee score.

Twenty patients (16.6%) underwent a total knee replacement at a mean interval of 9.3 years after the meniscal transplant.

Patients with isolated meniscal transplantation had the most improved clinical outcome.

Patients with concomitant knee osteotomy and knee ligament reconstruction procedures also had improved knee function without an increase the rate of complications.

CONCLUSIONS: The long-term results of meniscal transplantation are encouraging in terms of reducing knee pain and increasing function at a mean follow up of 10.2 years. Patients with isolated meniscal transplantation have improved outcomes.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of post-traumatic arthritis following acetabular fracture and to compare the long-term outcome of THA after previous open reduction and internal fixation or conservative treatment of the acetabular fracture.

Methods: Thirty-four patients (thirty-six hips) underwent total hip arthroplasty for arthritis resulting from an acetabular fracture. The mean age at the time of hip arthroplasty was 49 years. The mean follow-up was eight years and nine months (range, 4–17 years). The mean interval from fracture to arthroplasty was 7.5 years (range, 5 months-29 years). Twenty-three hips had been previously treated by open reduction and internal fixation and 12 hips had a conservatively treated fracture. An uncemented arthroplasty was performed in 31 hips, cemented arthroplasty in 2 patients and a hybrid replacement in 2 patients.

Results: Only 16 patients achieved and maintained a good to excellent result over the course of the follow-up. The mean Harris hip score improved from 44.5 points preoperatively to 72.76 points for operatively treated fractures (23 patients). The mean Harris hip score improved from 44.2 points preoperatively to 78.7 points for conservatively treated fractures (12 patients) (p> 0.05). Ten out of 35 hips required revision; 9 were revised because of aseptic loosening and one for infection with a total revision rate of 29%. Femoral bone quality was significant in predicting revision. No femoral radiographic loosening was found at latest follow-up. On the acetabular side, the rate of radiographic loosening was higher. There was no significant difference in bone grafting, heterotopic bone formation, revision rate, operative time and blood loss between the two groups (ORIF vs conservative treatment of acetabular fracture) (p> 0.05).

Conclusions: Outcome following total hip arthroplasty in the treatment of post-traumatic arthritis following acetabular fracture is less favourable than following primary osteoarthritis. Those patients initially treated conservatively had similar long term results compared to those treated primarily by open reduction and internal fixation. At long term follow-up, the main problem identified was osteolysis and acetabular wear.

Purpose: In uncemented total hip arthroplasty, stem design is one of the important factors influencing bone remodeling. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in bone remodeling between metaphyseal and diaphyseal fit stems.

Methods: Twenty-three patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (28 hips) with metaphyseal fit stems were matched to 27 patients (32 hips) undergoing uncemented total hip arthroplasty with diaphyseal fit stems. Preoperative radiographs were assessed for canal fill, canal shape, and bone quality. Postoperative radiographs were assessed for frequency and time of appearance of peri-prosthetic bone remodeling including spot welds, cortical hypertrophy and pedestal formation. All patients were examined by a modified Harris Hip Score.

Results: The proximal canal shape and bone quality were similar in both groups. There was no difference in the frequency of spot welds at 1 year and 2 years. Spot welds were mainly located in Gruen zone 1. Cortical hypertrophy was greater (p < 0.05) at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years with the metaphyseal fit stem. Cortical hypertrophy was found only in Gruen zones 3 and 5. Halo pedestal formation was greater (p < 0.05) at 6 months with the metaphyseal fit stem but not at 1 year and 2 years. Calcar rounding was observed in 25 hips (90.0%) with metaphyseal fit stems and twenty hips (62.5%) with diaphyseal fit stems. At the last follow-up, average HHS was similar (90.6 +/− 1.5 / 91.7 +/− 1.7; metaphyseal / diaphyseal fit stems). No patient developed aseptic loosening.

Conclusions: This is the first study to determine differences in bone remodeling between a metaphyseal and a diaphyseal fixed stem in uncemented THA. After one year, the only significant difference between these two groups was cortical hypertrophy, which was greater in patients undergoing metaphyseal fit stem insertion. Both stem designs demonstrated bone remodeling with no differences in spot welds or pedestal formation. At two years, there was no functional difference between these two patient groups. To further elucidate the relation between radiographic and clinical results, longer term follow-up is required.

Chronic osteomyelitis is a very difficult condition to treat. It presents a considerable challenge. A structured approach with a multidisciplinary team is important.

Fifty-three patients with chronic femoral osteomyelitis were treated. Thirty-one cases followed fracture fixation, fourteen haematological, two knee fusion and two iatrogenic. Cierny and Mader grade was IV in twenty-eight cases(twelve non-unions). Union was achieved in eleven of twelve nonunions. 85% of cases were infection free with the current treatment. 92% union rate was achieved. Eradication of infection and functional preservation can be achieved by wide local debridement with good soft tissue coverage and skeletal stabilisation.

Chronic osteomyelitis is a very difficult condition to treat. It presents a considerable challenge. A structured approach with a multi-disciplinary team is important.

85% of cases were infection free with the current treatment. 92% union rate was achieved. Eradication of infection and functional preservation can be achieved by wide local debridement with good soft tissue coverage and skeletal stabilisation.

Fifty-three patients with chronic femoral osteomyelitis were treated. Mean age at onset was thirty-one years and mean duration of infection was one hundred and six months (range 2–504). Thirty-one cases followed fracture fixation, fourteen haematological, two- knee fusion and two iatrogenic. Cierny and Mader grade was IV in twenty-eight cases(twelve non-unions), III in twelve, II in two and I in eleven cases. Intramedullary disease was treated by reaming and cortical disease by local excision. Radical excision was done for local disease. Radical/segmental excision reserved for type IV disease. This was followed by dead space management (local antibiotics in thirty-eight patients), stabilization and iv antibiotics(four to six weeks). Infected nonunion was treated with excision and stabilization or Ilizarov reconstruction. Union was achieved in eleven of twelve nonunions. 85% of cases were infection free at a mean follow-up of thirty months (7–48).

Introduction: Ankle fusion presents a difficult problem in the presence of infection and poor bone stock. Ilizarov method provides stability with remote fixation and allows weight bearing.

Patients and Methods: Fourteen consecutive patients were studied. The mean age at onset of disease was 50 years(range 4–70). 13 of the patients had either clinical or radiological evidence of infection prior to ankle fusion surgery. Mean duration of problem was 52 months(range 8–372). Aetiology included traumatic arthritis in 5, failed fusion in 6, septic arthritis in 1, infected ankle fracture nonunion in 1 and avascular necrosis of talus in 1. There were 10 males and 4 females. Local excision was followed by Ilizarov frame compression. Diagnosis of infection was based on microbiology and histology. Antibiotics treatment was continued until union. On radiological evidence of union the frame was dynamized and removed. Below knee cast was applied for 4 weeks.

Results: 13 of 14 patients had complete ankle fusion at a mean period of 5 months. 1 patient who had partial fusion of the ankle had recurrence of infection requiring amputation. Complications included pin site infection, lateral impingement, deep infection, hind-foot pain and neuroma at amputation site.

Conclusion: The Ilizarov ankle fusion is a reliable salvage procedure in difficult ankle problems.

Introduction Ankle fusion presents a difficult problem in the presence of infection and poor bone stock. The Ilizarov method provides stability with remote fixation and allows weight bearing.

Patients and method Fourteen consecutive patients were studied (10 males, 4 females). The mean age at onset of disease was 50 years (range 4–70). Thirteen of the patients had either clinical or radiological evidence of infection prior to ankle fusion surgery. Mean duration of problem was 52 months (range 8–372). Aetiology included traumatic arthritis in five, failed fusion in six, septic arthritis in one, infected ankle fracture non-union in one and avascular necrosis of talus in one. Local excision was followed by Ilizarov frame compression. Diagnosis of infection was based on microbiology and histology. Antibiotic treatment was continued until union. On radiological evidence of union the frame was dynamized and removed. A below-knee cast was applied for 4 weeks.

Results At a mean period of 5 months, complete ankle fusion was found in 13/14 patients. One patient who had partial fusion of the ankle had recurrence of infection requiring amputation. Complications included pin site infection, lateral impingement, deep infection, hind-foot pain and neuroma at amputation site.

Conclusion The Ilizarov ankle fusion is a reliable salvage procedure in difficult ankle problems.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hyaluronic acid supplementation on chondrocyte metabolism in vitro. The clinical benefits of intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections are thought to occur through improved joint lubrication. Recent findings have shown that exogenous hyaluronic acid is incorporated into articular cartilage where it may have a direct biological effect on chondrocytes through CD44 receptors.

Bovine articular chondrocytes were isolated and seeded into alginate constructs. These were cultured in medium containing hyaluronic acid at varying concentrations. Samples were assayed for biochemical and histological changes.

There was a dose-dependent response to the exposure of hyaluronic acid to bovine articular chondrocytes in vitro. Low concentrations of hyaluronic acid (0.1 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL) significantly increase DNA, sulphated glycosaminoglycan and hydroxyproline synthesis. Immunohistology confirmed the maintenance of cell phenotype with increased matrix deposition of chondroitin-6-sulphate and collagen type II. These findings confirm a stimulatory effect of hyaluronic acid on chondrocyte metabolism.

We describe a technique of ‘cross-hip distraction’ to reduce a dislocated hip with subsequent reconstruction of the joint for septic arthritis with extensive femoral osteomyelitis. A 27-year-old woman presented with a dislocated, collapsed femoral head and chronic osteomyelitis of the femur. Examination revealed a leg-length discrepancy of 7 cm and an irritable hip. A staged technique was used with primary clearance of osteomyelitis and secondary reconstruction of the hip. A cross-hip monolateral external fixator was used to establish normal anatomy followed by an arthroplasty. A good functional outcome was achieved. The use of cross-hip distraction avoids soft-tissue and nerve damage and achieved improved abductor function before arthroplasty.

We reviewed the outcome of 116 primary cemented Omnifit 7000 series total knee arthroplasties implanted into 108 patients over a period of two years with a mean follow up of 68 months (range, 48–90). During the review period, 12 patients died and 8 patients were lost to follow up (24 knees). The mean Knee Society score postoperatively at review was 86 (range, 65 to 95). The mean functional score at review was 76 (range, 60 to 100). The mean range of motion at review was 100 degrees (range, 85 to 115). Radioluscent lines greater than or equal to 1mm in width were present in 9 (10%) of the femoral views, 12 (14%) of the tibial AP views, 4 (4%) of the tibial lateral views and there was no evidence of progression of the radioluscent lines.

There were three revisions; one because of an early deep joint infection, on due to instability in the AP plane and one due to aseptic loosening. The clinical and radiographic results with a minimum five year follow up show very satisfactory results. The Omnifit 7000 series provides results, which compare well with other cemented arthroplasties in the medium term.

Aims: To evaluate the functional outcome following internal fixation of distal humerus intra-articular fractures (AO type C) with a minimum follow up of two years. Methods: Design: Retrospective evaluation and clinical review. Setting: Regional trauma centre Patients and Participants: Twenty six consecutive patients with fractures of the distal humerus were treated over a thirty one month period (June 1993 to December 1995). The mean age was 55years (range,18–82). Clinical review of twenty patients at a mean follow up of more than two years (range 19–48 months). Six patients were lost to follow up. Results: Clinical evaluation of twenty patients was carried out. Fourteen patients (70 percent) had an excellent or good outcome, five patients (25 percent) a fair outcome and one patient (5 percent) had a poor result. Three patients (15 percent) underwent a second procedure for symptomatic metalwork. The mean arc of flexion-extension was 112 degrees (range, 85 to 122 degrees). Fifteen patients (75 percent) were able to return to their pre injury level of occupation and activity. Seventeen patients (85 percent) were satisfied with the final outcome. Conclusion: nternal fixation of intra-articular distal humerus fractures is an effective procedure with an excellent/good functional outcome in most patient age groups. Patients have a high level of satisfaction and return to previous level of activity.

Introduction: The use of lower limb tourniquets is routine in lower limb surgery. Several methods have been used often based on surgical preference. Aim: To establish the pain quality in patients undergoing forefoot surgery with the tourniquet placed at the ankle and the calf. Method: A prospective randomised trial was undertaken. Assessment of peri-operative and postoperative pain in 30 patients undergoing forefoot surgery under local anaesthetic was undertaken. All calf and ankle tourniquets were inßated just before surgery. Patients were concealed randomised to either midcalf or ankle tourniquet. Cuffs were inßated to 100 mm Hg above the systolic pressure. Pain and pulse were measured pre-operatively and at 5 minutes, 10 minutes and at 10-minute intervals. We also assessed the quality of the þeld. Results: Both the tourniquet positions gave very good þelds however the use of the ankle tourniquet was far less painful at 5,10,20 and 30 minutes after the operation started p< 0.0001. Conclusion: We conclude that the ankle tourniquet gives an excellent bloodless þeld whilst providing a far less discomfort.

Aims: to evaluate the outcome following internal þxation of olecranon fractures using the techniques of tension band wiring and plating with a minimum follow up of two years. Methods:Design: retrospective evaluation and clinical review. Setting: regional trauma centre. Patients and participants: 48 consecutive patients with fractures of the olecranon were treated over a twenty month period (may 1993 to december 1994). 25 fractures were þxed using a tension band wiring technique and 23 underwent plating; the selection of method was based on agreed radiological fracture pattern criteria. Main outcome measurements: radiographic evaluation of the quality of reduction. Clinical outcome (broberg and morrey functional rating index). Results: clinical evaluation of 39 patients was carried out. In the tension band wiring group 17 (85 percent) patients had an excellent or good outcome and 11 (55 percent) patients underwent a second procedure for symptomatic metalwork. In the plating group 16 (84 percent) patients had an excellent or good outcome and 2 (11 percent) patients underwent a second procedure for symptomatic metalwork. The latter group had more complex and associated fractures and included the only poor result. Conclusion: internal þxation of fractures of the olecranon results in good functional outcome. Fixation with a plate is effective and produces good outcome even though selected for the more complex olecranon fractures. Patients who have tension band wiring more often require a second procedure for removal of symptomatic metalwork.

Introduction: Recent evidence from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Group has confirmed the anecdotal opinions of many spinal surgeons that fusion for persistent back pain can be a very effective treatment. However, it is clear that many more variables operate in determining clinical success than just radiological evidence of solid fusion. The very careful selection of patients for low back surgery is, in the opinion of the authors, the most important predictor of success. This paper addresses this issue and presents data to show why clinical failure can coexist with radiological success.

Methods: Between October 1997 and January 2001, 3600 spinal fusion using Diapason pedicle screw instrumentation and Brantigan anterior interbody fusion cages was performed on 25 patients. During this period 5,850 new outpatients with back pain were assessed in the low back clinic. Patients were selected by the following criteria: Low back pain of two years or more duration; Pain resistant to all non-operative and minimally invasive treatments; Normal psychosocial profile; Normal body mass index; Non-Smokers; Single or two level disease on MRI proven to be painful by provocative discography; No current insurance or workers-compensation claims. Postal follow-up was at a minimum of 2 years post-surgery (mean 47 months) using the Low Back Outcome Score (LBOS) and x-rays taken at the two-year clinic follow-up were independently assessed to determine fusion.

Results: 24 patients returned the questionnaire (96%). Only 20 (83%) patients had ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ results, as defined by the LBOS. However, 92% of patients stated that they would opt to have a circumferential fusion again, if guaranteed the same post-operative result. The same number of patients stated they would recommend the treatment to friend or family member. Analysis of the post-operative radiographs revealed that spinal fusion (as defined by the Brantigan and Steffee criteria) was present in all 25 cases.

Conclusions: Our opinion that patient selection is the most important predictor of satisfactory outcome in spinal surgery is demonstrated in this study by the mismatch between the clinical and radiological results. We have identified the causes of clinical failure in this group of patients as: Multiple sites of musculoskeletal pain confounding the LBOS; Neuropathic leg pain that cannot respond to surgical treatment; More than two previous spinal operations; Excessive pre-operative disability and functional loss that confounds the LBOS; Poor psychosocial profile.

Stringent application of rigid selection criteria might improve outcomes in lumbar spinal fusion so that clinical and radiological results correlate more closely. However, even with adherence to such rigid criteria, the outcome tool (LBOS) may be confounded and a more holistic assessment of outcome, including a more sensitive subjective assessment of satisfaction, might be a better measure.

Introduction: Discectomy for herniation of the nucleus pulposus is an effective procedure when conservative treatment has failed. However, a number of patients rapidly progress to symptomatic instability after discectomy. Those most likely to develop instability have central and multi-regional herniations. Therefore, primary posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) may be a better option than discectomy alone in this group. This paper presents the clinical and radiological outcome of a consecutive group of such patients treated in one centre by PLIF, but recognises that newer technologies may make such destructive spinal surgery unnecessary in the future.

Methods: Between June 1997 and December 2000, PLIF for central disc herniation presenting with acute, subacute and chronic back and leg pain, with or without neurological loss, using Diapason pedicle screw instrumentation and Ogival PEEK (Polyether-ether-ketone) Interbody Fusion cages was performed on 41 patients. Eight patients presented acutely with cauda equina symptoms and 33 patients had sub-acute or chronic symptoms. Formal clinic follow-up was continued for at least two years post-surgery and the final outcome at 2 to 5 years after operation was assessed using the Low Back Outcome Score (LBOS). Two independent orthopaedic surgeons assessed the radiological evidence of fusion on X-rays taken at least two years after surgery.

Results: 39 of the 41 patients completed the LBOS questionnaire (95%). One patient had died from an unrelated cause and the other could not be contacted having moved away. 34 (87%) of these had an excellent or good outcome according to the LBOS criteria. However, every patient who returned the questionnaire stated that they would undergo the operation again if guaranteed the same surgical result and all would recommend it to a friend for similar trouble. Four patients (9.7%) were dissatisfied with the process of care they experienced. Analysis of radiographs taken between two and four years post-operatively revealed that spinal fusion (as defined by the Brantigan and Steffee criteria) was present in 38 cases (92.7%). None of the patients with a non-union radiologically had a poor outcome.

Conclusions: Post-discectomy instability causing disabling low back and leg pain is more likely to occur in patients with an incompetent annulus than those with a largely intact annulus. The patients in this series all had good evidence on MRI of complete (pan-annular) failure. The decision to perform an acute single level PLIF was taken after discussion with the patients, presenting them with the option of having only a central discectomy and a later fusion if needed or of dealing with the problem at one operation. The outcomes described in this study show that this condition is a good indication for PLIF. However, newer technologies such as disc arthroplasty may be a better option for this group of patients in the future.

A retrospective analysis of first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis with a minimum two year follow up was carried out. Twenty-four patients (33 feet) with an average age of 54 years (range, 31–68) were followed up at an average of 28 months (range, 16 to 40). All patients had first metatarsophalangeal joint fusion using a vitallium plate as described by Coughlin (1994).

Patients were evaluated using the American Foot and Ankle Society clinical (Kitaoka 1994) and radiographic guidelines. They also completed a patient satisfaction questionnaire. Twenty three patients (32 feet) went on to complete fusion of their first metatarsophalangeal joints. One patient had an infected non-union, his fusion was repeated successfully after one year. One patient required plate removal because of prominence. There was one case of deep infection which went on to a non-union. Overall, hallux valgus angle was reduced by a mean of 11 degrees and intermetatarsal angle by a mean of two degrees.

Clinical evaluation showed marked improvement in pain and functional scores.

Patient satisfaction was high with relief of symptoms and improved appearance of the foot. First metatarso-phalangeal joint arthrodesis using a vitallium plate is a successful procedure with a high fusion rate, low complication rate and a high level of patient satisfaction.

Our aim was to determine if a tourniquet placed on the ankle has any advantage in forefoot surgery over the position on the midcalf. We randomised 30 patients who were undergoing forefoot surgery under under local anaesthesia into two groups. One had a tourniquet on the ankle and the other on the mid calf. All calf and ankle tourniquets were inflated to 100 mm Hg above the systolic pressure, just before the surgical procedure.

The blood pressure, pulse and level of pain were recorded at intervals of five minutes during the operation. The surgeon evaluated the quality of the anaesthesia, the bloodless field, and the site of the tourniquet.

The patients tolerated the tourniquet on the ankle much more. Both the tourniquet positions gave good operative fields, however the use of the ankle tourniquet was less painful at 5,10,20 and 30 minutes after the operation had started (p< 0.01). Physiological parameters were better in the ankle group.

We conclude that the ankle tourniquet gives a good bloodless field and provides improved pain tolerance for forefoot surgery carried out under local anaesthesia.

INTRODUCTION: Discectomy for herniation of the nucleus pulposus is an effective procedure when conservative treatment has failed. However, a number of patients rapidly progress to symptomatic instability after discectomy. Those most likely to develop instability have central and multi-regional herniations. Therefore, primary posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) may be a better option than discectomy alone in this group. This paper presents the clinical and radiological outcome of a consecutive group of such patients treated in one centre by PLIF, but recognises that newer technologies may make such destructive spinal surgery unnecessary in the future.

METHODS: Between June 1997 and December 2000, PLIF for central disc herniation presenting with acute, sub-acute and chronic back and leg pain, with or without neurological loss, using Diapason pedicle screw instrumentation and Ogival PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone) Interbody Fusion cages was performed on 41 patients. Eight patients presented acutely with cauda equina symptoms and 33 patients had sub-acute or chronic symptoms. Formal clinic follow-up was continued for at least two years post-surgery and the final outcome at two to five years after operation was assessed using the Low Back Outcome Score (LBOS). Two independent orthopaedic surgeons assessed the radiological evidence of fusion on X-rays taken at least two years after surgery.

RESULTS: 39 of the 41 patients completed the LBOS questionnaire (95%). One patient had died from an unrelated cause and the other could not be contacted having moved away. 34 (87%) of these had an excellent or good outcome according to the LBOS criteria. However, every patient who returned the questionnaire stated that they would undergo the operation again if guaranteed the same surgical result and all would recommend it to a friend for similar trouble. Four patients (9.7%) were dissatisfied with the process of care they experienced. Analysis of radiographs taken between two and four years post-operatively revealed that spinal fusion (as defined by the Brantigan and Steffee criteria) was present in 38 cases (92.7%). None of the patients with a non-union radiologically had a poor outcome.

CONCLUSIONS: Post-discectomy instability causing disabling low back and leg pain is more likely to occur in patients with an incompetent annulus than those with a largely intact annulus. The patients in this series all had good evidence on MRI of complete (pan-annular) failure. The decision to perform an acute single level PLIF was taken after discussion with the patients, presenting them with the option of having only a central discectomy and a later fusion if needed or of dealing with the problem at one operation. The outcomes described in this study show that this condition is a good indication for PLIF. However, newer technologies such as disc arthroplasty may be a better option for this group of patients in the future.

INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence from the Swedish Lumbar Spine Group has confirmed the anecdotal opinions of many spinal surgeons that fusion for persistent back pain can be a very effective treatment. However, it is clear that many more variables operate in determining clinical success than just radiological evidence of solid fusion. The very careful selection of patients for low back surgery is, in the opinion of the authors, the most important predictor of success. This paper addresses this issue and presents data to show why clinical failure can coexist with radiological success.

METHODS: Between October 1997 and January 2001, 360° spinal fusion using Diapason pedicle screw instrumentation and Brantigan anterior interbody fusion cages was performed on 25 patients. During this period 5,850 new outpatients with back pain were assessed in the low back clinic. Patients were selected by the following criteria: Low back pain of two years or more duration; Pain resistant to all non-operative and minimally invasive treatments; Normal psycho-social profile; Normal body mass index; Non-Smokers; Single or two level disease on MRI proven to be painful by provocative discography; No current insurance or workers-compensation claims. Postal follow-up was at a minimum of two years post-surgery (mean 47 months) using the Low Back Outcome Score (LBOS) and X-rays taken at the two-year clinic follow-up were independently assessed to determine fusion.

RESULTS: 24 patients returned the questionnaire (96%). Only 20 (83%) patients had ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ results, as defined by the LBOS. However, 92% of patients stated that they would opt to have a circumferential fusion again, if guaranteed the same post-operative result. The same number of patients stated they would recommend the treatment to friend or family member. Analysis of the post-operative radiographs revealed that spinal fusion (as defined by the Brantigan and Steffee criteria) was present in all 25 cases.

CONCLUSIONS: Our opinion that patient selection is the most important predictor of satisfactory outcome in spinal surgery is demonstrated in this study by the mismatch between the clinical and radiological results. We have identified the causes of clinical failure in this group of patients as: Multiple sites of musculo-skeletal pain confounding the LBOS; Neuropathic leg pain that cannot respond to surgical treatment; More than two previous spinal operations; Excessive pre-operative disability and functional loss that confounds the LBOS; Poor psychosocial profile. Stringent application of rigid selection criteria might improve outcomes in lumbar spinal fusion so that clinical and radiological results correlate more closely. However, even with adherence to such rigid criteria, the outcome tool (LBOS) may be confounded and a more holistic assessment of outcome, including a more sensitive subjective assessment of satisfaction, might be a better measure.

The SCARF osteotomy is a three dimentional osteotomy for hallux valgus. It combines a lateral release of the adductor hallucis with a lateral and plantar displacement of the first metatarsal. The osteotomy is ‘z’ shaped in the lateral view and displacement of the distal fragment is followed by internal fixation.

In this study we set out to determine whether the SCARF osteotomy was an effective method in the correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity. A prospective radiographic study was performed on 22 cases of SCARF osteotomy with an average age of 52 years (range 25–78). Standardised weight bearing anterior-posterior radiographs were taken preoperatively and at six months post operatively.

The American Foot and Ankle Society guidelines were used for all measurements. Measurements were made using overlay acetate sheets to minimise inter and intra observer error.

These were compared to determine changes in the intermetatarsal angle (IMA), hallux valgus angle (HVA), distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) and joint congruency angle (JCA). Correction of sesamoid position and metatarsal length changes were also assessed.

The results showed a median reduction of IMA of 6 degrees, HVA of 16 degrees, DMAA of 6 degrees and an improvement in JCA of 11 degrees. Improvement of the lateral sesamoid displacement from beneath the first metatarsal head was seen postoperatively. Metatarsal length was assessed by comparing the ratio of the length of the first to second metatarsal pre and post operatively. No shortening was found. There was no incidence of avascular necrosis or non-union. This study indicates that the SCARF osteotomy produces effective radiological correction of hallux valgus where there is moderate to high degree of deformity. It also improves sesamoid displacement and avoids shortening of the first metatarsal.