There is a growing requirement by governmental and other funders of research, that investigators pay attention to and integrate considerations of sex and gender in their health research studies. Doing so, the argument goes, will reduce data waste, lead to the generation of more complete and accurate evidence to apply to the delivery of health care, and hopefully improve outcomes for both male and female patients. Yet, it is not always clear what sex and gender mean and how best to apply these to the study of diverse health conditions and health service delivery. In this presentation sex, gender and other related factors will be considered in the context of fractures, fracture repair, and post-operative management. Examples of sex and gender bias, sex and gender differences, and the integration of sex and gender in research on fracture and fracture repair will be presented.