Abstract
Hip simulator studies with ceramic-on-metal (COM) predicted less wear than metal-on-metal (MOM: Isaac. 2009). While clinical evidence is scant, two COM case reports described pseudotumors with adverse cup positioning (Deshmukh 2012, Koper 2014). It would appear that our Korean case report is the first to describe pseudotumor formation in well-positioned COM arthroplasty and including detailed failure analysis. A 50-year old female (active salesperson) had bilateral avascular necrosis of her femoral heads. A left metal-on-polyethylene (MPE) hip was performed at outside institution in 2003. At our 3-yrs evaluation, radiographs showed well-functioning MPE hip. Five years later she complained of gradual left-hip pain (2011). Radiographs and CT scan demonstrated wear, osteolysis and loosening of both components. The revision in 2011 was by COM (Fig. 1), using S-ROM stem/sleeve, 36mm ceramic head (Biolox-delta), a CoCr liner and 54mm shell (Pinnacle: Depuy Inc). Cup inclination and anteversion were considered appropriate at 45° and 20° respectively; femoral anteversion of 15° was also appropriate.
At 1-yr follow-up patient complained of mild discomfort in left COM hip (2012). Range of motion was painless and normal. Examination revealed a soft, non-tender swelling (2×3cm) in left inguinal region with no inflammation and radiographs were normal (Fig. 1a). One month later the patient complained of left hip pain, the previously noted swelling had increased in size, and she started to limp. Radiographs showed cup migration with increased inclination. CT scans showed a circumscribed lesion extending into iliopsoas region (Fig 2). Serum cobalt and chromium levels were high at 2.4 and 22.5µg/ L, respectively.
At revision the pseudotumor and surrounding inflamed synovium was excised. The cystic soft-tissue swelling (stained black) extended into the joint (Fig. 2a). The ceramic head showed a large “black stripe” across the dome (Fig 2b). The cup was loose while the femoral stem was well fixed. Operative cultures of soft tissues and joint fluid were negative for infection while histopathology was consistent for metallosis (Fig. 3). Aggressive debridement was carried out, acetabular defects were filled with bone graft. Revision incorporated 32mm ceramic head (Biolox-delta), highly cross-linked liner and 52mm trabecular-metal shell (Depuy). Functionally the patient has continued to improve. By 6 months, serum ion concentrations decreased to Co:1.3 and Cr:2.54µg/ L with most recent ion levels lower still (Co:0.66 and Cr:0.42µg/ L).
Ceramic head surfaces showed normal wear appearance. The large gray stripe identified on the highly polished dome contained Co and Cr metal-transfer from the CoCr liner (Fig. 2b). Thin gray stripes on equatorial head regions (x4 rougher than dome) represented contamination by Ti, Al and V, typical of adverse impingement against Ti6Al4V neck (Clarke 2013). There was a 100–150um defect on rim of CoCr liner as a result of impingement. Cup out-of-roundness was 476um compared to only 7um for ceramic head, thus cup wear dominated at 25–30mm3 volume. This case report was illustrative of the unpredictable and seldom diagnosed risk of habitual cup-to-neck impingement and the risk of relying on pristine simulator studies to predict outcomes in novel THA bearings.
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