Abstract
Osteochondral glenoid loss is associated with recurrent shoulder instability. The critical threshold for surgical stabilization is multidimensional and conclusively unknown. The aim of this work was to provide a well- measurable surrogate parameter of an unstable shoulder joint for the frequent anterior-inferior dislocation direction.
The shoulder stability ratio (SSR) of 10 paired human cadaveric glenoids was determined in anterior-inferior dislocation direction. Osteochondral defects were simulated by gradually removing osteochondral structures in 5%-stages up to 20% of the intact diameter. The glenoid morphological parameters glenoid depth, concavity gradient, and defect radius were measured at each stage by means of optical motion tracking. Based on these parameters, the osteochondral stability ratio (OSSR) was calculated. Correlation analyses between SSR and all morphological parameters, as well as OSSR were performed.
The loss of SSR, concavity gradient, depth and OSSR with increasing defect size was significant (all p<0.001). The loss of SSR strongly correlated with the losses of concavity gradient (PCC = 0.918), of depth (PCC = 0.899), and of OSSR (PCC = 0.949). In contrast, the percentage loss based on intact diameter (defect size) correlated weaker with SSR (PCC=0.687). Small osteochondral defects (≤10%) led to significantly higher SSR decrease in small glenoids (diameter <25mm) compared to large (≥ 25mm) ones (p ≤ 0.009).
From a biomechanical perspective, the losses of concavity gradient, glenoid depth and OSSR correlate strong with the loss of SSR. Therefore, especially the loss of glenoidal depth may be considered as a valid and reliable alternative parameter to describe shoulder instability. Furthermore, smaller glenoids are more vulnerable to become unstable in case of small osteochondral loosening. On the other hand, the standardly used percentage defect size based on intact diameter correlates weaker with the magnitude of instability and may therefore not be a valid parameter for judgement of shoulder instability.
