Abstract
Poor soft tissue balance in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most primary causes of dissatisfaction and reduced joint longevity, which are associated with postoperative instability and early implant failure1. Therefore, surgical techniques, including mechanical instruments and 3-D guided navigation systems, in TKA aim to achieve optimum soft tissue balancing in the knee to improve postoperative outcome2. Patella-in-Place balancing (PIPB) is a novel technique which aims to restore native collateral ligament behaviour by preserving the original state without any release. Moreover, reduction of the joint laxity compensates for the loss of the visco-elastic properties of the cartilage and meniscus. Following its clinical success, we aimed to evaluate the impact of the PIPB technique on collateral ligament strain and laxity behaviour, with the hypothesis that PIPB would restore strains in the collateral ligaments3.
Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric legs were obtained (KU Leuven, Belgium, H019 2015-11-04) and CT images were acquired while rigid marker frames were affixed into the femur, and tibia for testing. After carefully removing the soft tissues around the knee joint, while preserving the joint capsule, ligaments, and tendons, digital extensometers (MTS, Minnesota, USA) were attached along the length of the superficial medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL). A handheld digital dynamometer (Mark-10, Copiague, USA) was used to apply an abduction or adduction moment of 10 Nm at fixed knee flexion angles of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°. A motion capture system (Vicon Motion Systems, UK) was used to record the trajectories of the rigid marker frames while synchronized strain data was collected for MCL/LCL. All motion protocols were applied following TKA was performed using PIPB with a cruciate retaining implant (Stryker Triathlon, MI, USA). Furthermore, tibiofemoral kinematics were calculated4 and combined with the strain data. Postoperative tibial varus/valgus stresses and collateral ligament strains were compared to the native condition using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (p<0.05).
Postoperative tibial valgus laxity was lower than the native condition for all flexion angles. Moreover, tibial valgus of TKA was significantly different than the native condition, except for 0° (p=0.32). Although, tibial varus laxity of TKA was lower than the native at all angles, significant difference was only found at 0° (p=0.03) and 90° (p=0.02). No significant differences were observed in postoperative collateral ligament strains, as compared to the native condition, for all flexion angles, except for MCL strain at 30° (p=0.02) and 60° (p=0.01).
Results from this experimental study supported our hypotheses, barring MCL strain in mid-flexion, which might be associated with the implant design. Restored collateral ligament strains with reduced joint laxity, demonstrated by the PIPB technique in TKA in vitro, could potentially restore natural joint kinematics, thereby improving patient outcomes.
In conclusion, to further prove the success of PIPB, further biomechanical studies are required to evaluate the success rate of PIPB technique in different implant designs.
