Abstract
Infection following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can cause significant morbidity to the patient and be associated with significant costs and burdens to the healthcare system. Wound complications often initiate the cascade that can eventually lead to deep infection and implant failure. Galat et al. reported that wound complications following TKA requiring surgical treatment were associated with 2-year cumulative risks of major reoperation and deep infection of 5.3% and 6.0%, respectively. Consequently, developing a systematic approach to the management of wound problems following TKA can potentially minimise subsequent complications.
Unlike the hip, the vascular supply to the soft tissue envelope to the knee is less robust and more sensitive to the trauma of surgery. Therefore, proper soft tissue handling and wound closure at the time of surgery can minimise potential wound drainage and breakdown postoperatively. Kim et al. showed, using a meta-analysis of the literature, that primary skin closure with staples demonstrated lower wound complications, decreased closure times, and lower resource utilization compared to sutures. However, a running subcuticular closure enables the most robust skin perfusion following TKA. Finally, the use of hydrofiber surgical dressings following surgery was associated with increased patient comfort and satisfaction and reduced the incidence of superficial surgical site infection.
A wound complication following TKA needs to be managed systematically and aggressively. A determination of whether the extent of the involvement is superficial or deep is critical. Antibiotics should not be started without first excluding the possibility of a deep infection. Weiss and Krackow recommended return to the operating room for wound drainage persisting beyond 7 days. While incisional negative pressure wound therapy can occasionally salvage the “at risk” draining wound following TKA, its utilization should be limited only to the time immediately following surgery and should not delay formal surgical debridement, if indicated. Finally, early wound flap coverage and co-management of wound complications with plastic surgery is associated with increased rates of prosthesis retention and limb salvage.
